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Makhachkala

Coordinates: 42°58′57″N 47°30′18″E / 42.98250°N 47.50500°E / 42.98250; 47.50500
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Makhachkala
Махачкала
City[1]
The Government Building of Dagestan
Makhachkala Lighthouse
The Grand Mosque of Makhachkala
Aerial view of Makhachkala and the Caspian Sea
Top-down, left-to-right: View of Makhachkala, The Government Building of Dagestan, Makhachkala Lighthouse, Grand Mosque of Makhachkala, Caspian Sea
Flag of Makhachkala
Flag
Coat of arms of Makhachkala
Coat of arms
Location of Makhachkala
Map
Makhachkala is located in Republic of Dagestan
Makhachkala
Makhachkala
Location of Makhachkala
Makhachkala is located in European Russia
Makhachkala
Makhachkala
Makhachkala (European Russia)
Makhachkala is located in Caspian Sea
Makhachkala
Makhachkala
Makhachkala (Caspian Sea)
Makhachkala is located in Caucasus Mountains
Makhachkala
Makhachkala
Makhachkala (Caucasus Mountains)
Makhachkala is located in Russia
Makhachkala
Makhachkala
Makhachkala (Russia)
Coordinates: 42°58′57″N 47°30′18″E / 42.98250°N 47.50500°E / 42.98250; 47.50500
CountryRussia
Federal subjectDagestan
Founded1844[2]
City status since1857[2]
Government
 • BodyAssembly of Deputies
 • HeadSalman Dadaev[3]
Area
[4]
 • Total468.13 km2 (180.75 sq mi)
Elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Population
 (2010 Census)[5]
 • Total572,076
 • Estimate 
(2018)[6]
596,356 (+4.2%)
 • Rank27th in 2010
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
 • Subordinated toCity of Makhachkala[1]
 • Capital ofRepublic of Dagestan[1]
 • Capital ofCity of Makhachkala[1]
 • Urban okrugMakhachkala Urban Okrug[7]
 • Capital ofMakhachkala Urban Okrug[7]
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[8])
Postal code(s)[9]
367000-367999
Dialing code(s)+7 8722
OKTMO ID82701000001
Websitewww.mkala.ru

Makhachkala,[a] previously known as Petrovskoye[b] (1844–1857) and Port-Petrovsk[c] (1857–1921), or by the local Kumyk name of Anji,[10] is the capital and largest city of Dagestan, Russia. The city is located on the Caspian Sea, covering an area of 468.13 square kilometres (180.75 square miles), with a population of over 623,254 residents,[11] while the urban agglomeration covers over 3,712 square kilometres (1,433 square miles), with a population of roughly 1 million residents. Makhachkala is the fourth-largest city in the Caucasus, the largest city in the North Caucasus and the North Caucasian Federal District, as well as the third-largest city on the Caspian Sea. The city is extremely ethnically diverse, with a minor ethnic Russian population.

The city's historic predecessor is the port town of Anji (Andzhi), which was located in Kumykia, and which was a part of possessions of Tarki state, the capital of Kumyks known from the 8th century.[12][13]

The city was named Petrovskoye after Peter the Great. After gaining city status in 1857, the Petrovskoye fortress was renamed Petrovsk-Port. After the Russian Revolution, Petrovsk-Port was renamed Makhachkala on May 14, 1921, after Bolshevik revolutionary Makhach Dakhadaev [ru]. On the same day, it became capital of the newly formed Dagestan ASSR. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city became the capital of the Republic of Dagestan.

Makhachkala is an important economic, educational, scientific, and cultural centre of the North Caucasus. The city is a major Russian seaport on the Caspian Sea, and a transport hub. It is one of the fastest-growing cities in Russia, and is currently[when?] going through a construction boom.

History

[edit]
See also: Timeline of Makhachkala

Makhachkala's historic predecessors were the towns of Tarki and Anji (or Andzhi, or Anji-kala), dating their history, according to some sources, back to Khazar times.[14][15] Some chronicles suggest that it was the name of a citadel of Khazarian capital of Semender, which was called Anji-kala.[16]

During the first Muslim conquests of Dagestan, it was exposed to an influx of Muslims. During the reign of Umayyad Caliph Hisham b. Abdülmelik (724-743), the caliph's brother Maslama succeeded in establishing Islamic dominance in the region with his conquests. In the following years, one of the Umayyad commanders, Marwan b. Mohammed also organized successful raids to Dagestan. However, the Islamic domination in the region ended in 796 (180 AH) when the Khazars captured Derbend. In the early days of the Abbasids, the struggle against the Khazars continued. This struggle, which lasted for two centuries, ended with the victory of the Muslim Arabs. In 815, Sheikh Abu Ishaq and Sheikh Mohammed al-Kindi entered Dagestan with a volunteer army of about 2000 people and tried to spread Islam. In the second half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took a part of the region under their control. Dagestan was invaded by the Mongols in 1222. The Cumans (Kipchaks), who ruled in the north of the Black Sea and the Caucasus, played an important role in the Turkification of the region. Later on, the Ilkhanids, Golden Horde Khanate, Timurids, Shirvanshahs and Safavids dominated Dagestan respectively. Dagestan came under Ottoman rule between 1578 and 1606.[17]

The Safavids started operations to spread Shiism in Dagestan at the beginning of the 19th century but were met with fierce resistance of Dagestanis. Shah Abbas II established a significant influence in Dagestan in 1639. It started to attract the attention of the Russians from the 17th century onwards. It remained the scene of a struggle for influence between Iranians, Russians and Ottomans from the beginning of the 17th century.[17]

When the Safavids began to lose their power at the beginning of the 17th century, the people of Dagestan united under the leadership of Çolak Surhay Khan of the Gazikumukh Khanate, and they won a victory against Iran in 1712. In order to continue their success, he took the people of Dagestan, who asked for help from the Ottoman administration, under his protection by sending gifts to the sultans of the Sublime Porte.[17]

Russian Tsar Peter the Great visited what is now Makhachkala in 1722, and the settlement bore his name from 1844 to 1921

Although the Russians could not hold on to the interior of Dagestan, they expanded their sovereignty towards the Caspian coast and could only be stopped in front of Baku with the help of the Ottoman forces under the command of Mustafa Pasha. With a treaty signed between Russia and Iran in 1724, Derbend, Baku and some other places in the region were left to Russia. As a result of his struggles against the Russians, Nadir Shah captured the south of Dagestan, Derbend and Baku with the Rasht Treaty signed in 1732, and some lands between the Sulak and Kura (Kür) rivers with the 1735 treaty. After 1747, the Russians regained influence in Dagestan.[17]

In the 1840s, after Russian Empire seized the Kumyk plateau, Anji-kala became the place where fort Petrovskoye was founded.[18] A town status was granted to the fortress in 1857.[2] The Russian name of the city was Petrovskoye (Петро́вское)—after the Russian Tsar Peter the Great, who waged war in the region in 1722[19][20] during his Persian Campaign. However, among the local Kumyks the city was still known as Anzhi-Qala, The Pearl Fortress (Qala means fortress or a city with walls, while Anzhi / Inzhi / Inji means pearl in Kumyk). There is also still a hill called Anji-arqa, meaning the hill of Anji.[12]

After gaining town status in 1857, the Petrovskoye fortress was renamed Petrovsk-Port (Петро́вск-Порт), sometimes simply Petrovsk.[21]

In 1894, a railway line linked the city to Vladikavkaz (in present-day North Ossetia-Alania) and Baku (in present-day Azerbaijan). However, despite the development, a report from 1904 detailed the spread of malaria and unsuitable drinking water in the city.[22]

In January 1919, during the Russian Civil War, the British No. 221 Squadron Royal Air Force based themselves at Petrovsk. In March they were joined by No. 266 Squadron and both squadrons were involved in bombing operations against Bolshevik forces in Astrakhan and elsewhere. In August 1919 both squadrons were withdrawn from Petrovsk.[23] The city was invaded by the Red Army in March 1920.[22]

As part of the Soviet revolution, place names relating to monarchy or religion were changed, and thus on May 14, 1921, Petrovsk was renamed Makhachkala, after Dagestani revolutionary Magomed-Ali 'Makhach' Dakhadaev. On the same day, it became capital of the newly formed Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.[22] The city incurred major damage during an earthquake on May 14, 1970.[24] The city was briefly renamed Shamilkala during the disintegration of the Soviet Union in honor of the Dagestani freedom fighter Imam Shamil.

The area was used as a Soviet-era naval testing station, leaving behind a curious sea fort off nearby Kaspiysk (42°53′48″N 47°40′53″E / 42.896598°N 47.681274°E / 42.896598; 47.681274).[25]

A report of the International Crisis Group from 2013 describes the city as being "a city of almost one million and gained spectacular economic resources due to a construction boom, skyrocketing land prices, substantial federal funds for reconstruction, infrastructure, transport, housing, courts and administrative services. But even a short visit revealed acute problems, including dirty streets, dilapidated buildings, inadequate utilities, hectic construction, lack of planning and poorly organised public transport".[26]

Deportation of the Kumyk population and expansion of Makhachkala

[edit]

On April 12, 1944, a decision was made to resettle the inhabitants of Kumyk villages of Tarki, Kyakhulay and Alburikent, which owned the surrounding areas, to the settlements of the deported Chechens. Most of the released land was distributed to the Makhachkala city council (6243 out of 8166 hectares), in addition to the collective farms of the mountainous regions and industrial enterprises of Makhachkala.

After the return of the Kumyk population in 1957, the lands of the collective farms were not restored, personal property was also lost, many houses were occupied by people resettled from mountainous areas. The historical monuments of the ancient city were destroyed and used as construction materials for the infrastructure of Makhachkala.[27][28][29][30][31]

21st century

[edit]

Protests and violent police clashes occurred in Makhachkala, as was the case in other Russian cities, in response to the 2022 Russian mobilization, as well as a call-up of 110 men from the village of Endirey to be conscripted into the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. According to the BBC, 301 Dagestani soldiers had died in Ukraine as of September 2022.[32] This was ten times greater than the corresponding figure in Moscow region, which has a population five times larger than Dagestan.[33]

On August 14, 2023, a fire at a gas station in Makhachkala led to a series of explosions, causing at least 25 deaths and 66 injuries.[34][35]

On the evening of October 29, 2023, antisemitic riots occurred at the Makhachkala airport causing 500 police officers of the MVD to take control of it and forcing its temporary closure until the morning of October 30, 2023.[36][37][38][39][40][41][42] On October 28 and 29, Morning of Dagestan, also transliterated as Utro Dagestana (Russian: «Утро Дагестана») began publishing false reports its Telegram channel about "refugees from Israel" who were allegedly fleeing from the October 7, 2023 Hamas attack on Israel and arriving in the North Caucasus. Later, this grew into calls for a pogrom. Sergei Melikov, who is the governor of Dagestan, stated that Morning of Dagestan participated in the riots and accused persons in Ukraine, which he called Banderovites also transliterated as Bandеrovetsy (Russian: бандеровцы), and Ilya Ponomarev, who denied any connection to Morning of Dagestan on his facebook page, as the instigator of the pogrom.[43][44][45][46] Both Maria Zakharova, who is the Director of the Information and Press Department at the Russian foreign ministry, and Dmitry Peskov, who is Vladimir Putin's personal press secretary, supported Sergey Melikov's accusations of participation from Ukrainian provacateurs for the cause of the pogrom.[40]

On June 23, 2024, unknown attackers carried out a terrorist attack in Makhachkala. Many people were killed and wounded. A priest was murdered, and a church and a synagogue burned.[47]

Economy

[edit]

The most important industrial sector is the oil refineries, as well as mechanical engineering and textile factories. Numerous administrative and educational institutions are based in the city, including a regional research centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences with around 20 research departments. The city is also the media centre of the region. Numerous newspapers are published in Makhachkala, including Dagestanskaya Pravda and the Islamic As-Salam. In addition, several regional television stations are based in the city.

Administrative and municipal status

[edit]

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with eight urban-type settlements and six rural localities, incorporated as the City of Makhachkala—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the City of Makhachkala is incorporated as Makhachkala Urban Okrug.[7]

City divisions

[edit]
View of Makhachkala

For the purposes of administration, the city is divided into three city districts, from west to east: Kirovsky, Sovetsky and Leninsky. In May 2015, these three city districts were granted municipal status.[7]

Symbols

[edit]

The coat of arms and flag of Makhachkala were adopted on December 15, 2006. The coat of arms shows the city's historic fortress in silver on a red field, with flames coming from either tower and a solar symbol above. It is supported by a golden eagle on each side, a crown on top, and crossed anchors (representing its maritime history) entangled with grapevines at the bottom.

A street in Makhachkala

In proportions of 2:3, the flag displays the main shield of the city's coat of arms.[48]

Unrest

[edit]

Makhachkala is close to areas of fighting and therefore it and the surrounding region has a heavy security service presence. On November 25, 2011, a protest took place in Makhachkala attended by up to 3,000 people demanding an end to illegal activities perpetrated by the security services.[49]

On December 15, 2011, Gadzhimurat Kamalov, a Russian investigative journalist and founder of the independent Chernovik newspaper was shot dead in an apparent assassination.[50]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1897 10,000—    
1926 33,552+235.5%
1939 86,836+158.8%
1959 119,334+37.4%
1970 185,863+55.8%
1979 251,371+35.2%
1989 317,475+26.3%
2002 462,412+45.7%
2010 572,076+23.7%
2021 623,254+8.9%
Source: Census data

The population of Makhachkala includes (2021 Census data):[51]

Transportation

[edit]
Makhachkala Station

The city is served by Uytash Airport, a regional airport providing connections to other Russian cities. Russian Railways via the North Caucasus Railway provides freight and passenger traffic to and from Makhachkala.[citation needed]

The Caspian Sea International Port handles crude oil, petroleum, construction materials, grain, cargo and timber and operates 24 hours a day. The port offers communications with the rest of Russia, as well as with Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltic states, Iran, Turkey and Central Asia. A railyard at the port connects the port to the North Caucasus Railway network.[52]

Sports

[edit]
Dynamo Stadium is home of FC Dynamo Makhachkala

The city's main football team, FC Dynamo Makhachkala, currently plays in the Russian Premier League. They play in the 15,200 Dynamo Stadium.

FC Anzhi Makhachkala, the city's former top team, played at Dynamo Stadium before moving to Anzhi Arena. Anzhi were purchased by Dagestani commodities billionaire Suleyman Kerimov in 2011,[53] whose investments allowed the club to sign players such as Brazilian World Cup winner Roberto Carlos[54] and Cameroonian striker Samuel Eto'o who, during his time at the club, became the world's highest paid player.[55] The club lived its golden era, finished in the Top 5 for two consecutive seasons (2011-12 and 2012-13) and qualified for the UEFA Europa League, reaching the round of 16 on both occasions. However, after 2013, due to unrest in the region, the players moved to live and train in Moscow, while the local matches in Makhachkala were guarded by armed patrols.[56] This situation, followed by severe budget cuts, made the club lose most of its key players, going on to finish bottom of the table in the 2013–14 season, and later folding in 2022 after having fallen to the third division.

UFC lightweight champion Islam Makhachev was born and educated in Makhachkala

Climate

[edit]

Makhachkala has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk) with warm, relatively dry summers and, cool relatively moist winters. The strong rain shadow of the Caucasus and the ability of the Siberian High to freely move westwards from its source in the Tibetan and Mongolian plateaus makes the climate quite dry, although frequently overcast throughout the winter, which is owing to the relatively low latitude and nearness to the Caspian Sea very mild by Russian standards. Summers are sunnier but also dry as the region is exposed to steep descending vertical velocity from the Indian monsoon, and the greatest rainfall occurs in the autumn season from September to November. October 1987 with 245 millimetres or 9.65 inches has been the wettest month, whilst no precipitation occurred in February 1958, October 1974 and April 1986.

The coldest month since records began in 1882 has been February 1929 with a mean monthly temperature of −9.5 °C or 14.9 °F, whilst the hottest have been July 2010 and August 2014 with means of 27.1 °C or 80.8 °F each, although August 9, 2017, is the hottest day, reaching 40.2 °C or 104.4 °F. The coldest night was on February 9, 2012, when the mercury fell to −26.8 °C or −16.2 °F, beating the previous record of −26.5 °C or −15.7 °F from December 28, 1888.

Climate data for Makhachkala (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1882–present) [i]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.2
(66.6) 		20.9
(69.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		33.5
(92.3) 		35.1
(95.2) 		36.8
(98.2) 		39.5
(103.1) 		40.2
(104.4) 		37.4
(99.3) 		28.9
(84.0) 		23.8
(74.8) 		19.9
(67.8) 		40.2
(104.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4) 		4.6
(40.3) 		8.6
(47.5) 		14.4
(57.9) 		20.9
(69.6) 		26.5
(79.7) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.3
(84.7) 		24.3
(75.7) 		17.9
(64.2) 		10.7
(51.3) 		6.0
(42.8) 		16.4
(61.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		1.4
(34.5) 		5.2
(41.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		16.5
(61.7) 		22.0
(71.6) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.9
(76.8) 		20.3
(68.5) 		14.2
(57.6) 		7.4
(45.3) 		2.9
(37.2) 		12.6
(54.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.7
(28.9) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		2.3
(36.1) 		6.9
(44.4) 		12.8
(55.0) 		17.7
(63.9) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.6
(69.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		10.7
(51.3) 		4.2
(39.6) 		0.0
(32.0) 		9.1
(48.4)
Record low °C (°F) −25.1
(−13.2) 		−26.8
(−16.2) 		−13.5
(7.7) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		0.0
(32.0) 		5.8
(42.4) 		9.7
(49.5) 		8.0
(46.4) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−19.7
(−3.5) 		−26.5
(−15.7) 		−26.8
(−16.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 36
(1.4) 		28
(1.1) 		23
(0.9) 		19
(0.7) 		34
(1.3) 		27
(1.1) 		22
(0.9) 		29
(1.1) 		51
(2.0) 		38
(1.5) 		46
(1.8) 		38
(1.5) 		391
(15.4)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 2
(0.8) 		2
(0.8) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.4) 		1
(0.4) 		2
(0.8)
Average rainy days 11 10 12 11 12 11 9 10 11 13 13 12 135
Average snowy days 9 10 4 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 3 6 32
Average relative humidity (%) 84 83 83 79 76 71 70 72 75 80 83 85 78
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 84 82 79 73 62 61 59 64 66 71 78 84 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours 76.8 93.7 133.0 187.8 260.5 283.9 306.5 286.8 224.3 159.7 95.6 72.0 2,180.6
Source 1: Погода и Климат[57]
Source 2: NOAA[58] Deutscher Wetterdienst(Afternoon humidity 1962-1969)[59]
  1. ^ Afternoon Humidity measured at 14:00 local time

Economy and culture

[edit]
Makhachkala Lighthouse

Lighthouse

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Makhachkala is twinned with:[61]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^
    • Russian: Махачкала, IPA: [məxətɕkɐˈla]
    • Kumyk: Анжи-къала, romanized: Anji-qala
    • Avar: Махӏачхъала, romanized: Maħaçqala
    • Chechen: ХӀинжа-ГӀала, romanized: Hinƶa-Ġala
    • Azerbaijani: Маһачгала, romanized: Mahaçqala
    • Nogai: Махачкала
    • Lak: Махачкъала
    • Rutul: Магьачкъала, romanized: Mahaçqala
  2. ^ Russian: Петровское
  3. ^ Russian: Петровск-Порт, romanized: Petrovsk-Port

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Law #16
  2. ^ a b c "General Information" (in Russian). Republic of Dagestan. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  3. ^ "Новым мэром Махачкалы стал экс-глава управы Басманного района Москвы Дадаев". ria.ru. January 31, 2019.
  4. ^ Подсчитано по базе данных муниципальных образований РФ на 2008 год
  5. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  6. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d Law #6
  8. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  9. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  10. ^ "Ряд 5. Лист З | Геопортал Русского географического общества".
  11. ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  12. ^ a b Книга "Дагестан: Путеводитель с картой" Калинин Алексей, Аякс-пресс, 2021
  13. ^ Советская историческая энциклопедия. — М.: Советская энциклопедия . Под ред. Е. М. Жукова. 1973—1982.
  14. ^ С.Т.Еремян. Моисей Каланкатуйский о посольстве албанского князя Вараз Трдата к хазарскому хакану Алп-Илитверу. "Записки Института Востоковедения АН СССР", т. VII, М.-Л, 1939.
  15. ^ Лавров Л.И. Ученые записки Института истории, языка и литературы ДФ АН СССР", т. 4. 1958
  16. ^ Исторические сочинения Дагестана: на тюркских языках: G. M.-R. Orazaev · 2003
  17. ^ a b c d "DAĞISTAN - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  18. ^ Конституция Республики Дагестан: научно-практический и историко-правовой комментарий, Arslan Magomedsoltanovich Khalilov, Yakub Bakhmudovich Gamzatov, Дагестанский гос. ун-т, 2002 - 460, page 445
  19. ^ Голиков И. И. Деяния Петра Великого, мудрого преобразителя России, собранные из достоверных источников. — Изд. 2-е, М.: Типография Н. Степанова, 1838.
  20. ^ ruce P. H. Memoirs of Peter Henry Bruce, esq., a military officer in the services of Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain: Containing an account of his travels in Germany, Russia, Tartary, Turkey, the West-Indies… London, 1782.
  21. ^ "Makhachkala".
  22. ^ a b c "Марковин В. И. Дорогами и тропами Дагестана". Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  23. ^ Bowyer, Chaz (1988). RAF Operations 1918-1938. London: William Kimber. pp. 40, 41. ISBN 0-7183-0671-6.
  24. ^ Gorbunova, I. V.; Kondorskaya, N. V. (1973). "Comparison analysis of magnitude values for the daghestanian and Kirghiz earthquakes by observations of Soviet and American stations". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 103 (1): 381–386. Bibcode:1973PApGe.103..381G. doi:10.1007/BF00876415. S2CID 129856658.
  25. ^ Abandoned Places: Soviet naval testing station in Makhachkala, Russia Archived July 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, distractify.com, accessed July 12, 2014
  26. ^ The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law, p. 23 Archived September 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Адиль-Герей Гаджиев, Доктор исторических наук, Тарки, Кяхулай, Альборикент (история, проблемы, пути решения), брошюра 1999
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  41. ^ Nechepurenko, Ivan; Santora, Marc; Kershner, Isabel (October 30, 2023). "Mob storms plane arriving in Russia from Tel Aviv, authorities say. The Russian authorities announced that the airport in Makhachkala, the capital of the predominantly Muslim Dagestan region, was temporarily closed and riot police were dispatched to the scene". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023.
  42. ^ "Police Take Control of Russia's Dagestan Airport After Antisemitic Riot: The unrest in the region is a headache for Russian President Vladimir Putin, who is keen to maintain stability at home. Sergei Melikov, the head of Dagestan, said the incident was a gross violation of the law, even as Dagestanis emphasize with the 'suffering' of Palestinian victims". Haaretz. Reuters. October 30, 2023. Archived from the original on October 30, 2023.
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  • Народное Собрание Республики Дагестан. Закон №16 от 10 апреля 2002 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Дагестан», в ред. Закона №106 от 30 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Дагестан». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Дагестанская правда", №81, 12 апреля 2002 г. (People's Assembly of the Republic of Dagestan. Law #16 of April 10, 2002 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of Dagestan, as amended by the Law #106 of December 30, 2013 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Republic of Dagestan. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
  • Народное Собрание Республики Дагестан. Закон №6 от 13 января 2005 г. «О статусе и границах муниципальных образований Республики Дагестан», в ред. Закона №43 от 30 апреля 2015 г. «О статусе городского округа с внутригородским делением "Город Махачкала", статусе и границах внутригородских районов в составе городского округа с внутригородским делением "Город Махачкала" и о внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Республики Дагестан». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Дагестанская правда", №8, 15 февраля 2005 г. (People's Assembly of the Republic of Dagestan. Law #6 of January 13, 2005 On the Status and Borders of the Municipal Formations of the Republic of Dagestan, as amended by the Law #43 of April 30, 2015 On the Status of the "City of Makhachkala" Urban Okrug with Intra-Urban Divisions, the Status and the Borders of the Intra-City Districts Comprising the "City of Makhachkala" Urban Okrug with Intra-Urban Divisions, and on Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Republic of Dagestan. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).

Bibliography

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See also: Bibliography of the history of Makhachkala
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Makhachkala.
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