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World Organization of the Scout Movement

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World Organization of the Scout Movement
Headquarters
World Scout Bureau: Geneva, Switzerland

Secretary General's Office: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

CountryWorldwide
Founded1922[1][2]
Membership
  • 176 organizations[3][4]
  • which have around 43 million participants (2021)[5]
ChairDaniël Corsen
Vice-ChairsJulius Kramer
Mori Cheng
Secretary GeneralDavid Berg (acting)
Website
http://www.scout.org
 Scouting portal

The World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM /ˈwʊzəm/) is the largest and, after the Order of World Scouts (formed in 1911) is the second oldest international scout organization, having been established in 1922.[1][2] It has 176 members.[3] These members are national scout organizations that founded WOSM or have subsequently been recognised by WOSM, which collectively have around 43 million participants.[5] Its operational headquarters is in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia while it is legally based in Geneva, Switzerland.

WOSM's current stated mission is "to contribute to the education of young people, through a value system based on the Scout Promise and Scout Law, to help build a better world where people are self-fulfilled as individuals and play a constructive role in society".[6][7]

WOSM operates through conferences of its member organization representatives, its committee and its full-time bureau, structured into regions. It is associated with three World Scout Centres. A World Scout Jamboree is held approximately every four years under its auspices and it organizes World Scout Moots for 17- to 26-year-olds and previously organized World Scout Indabas, a gathering for Scout leaders. The World Scout Foundation is a separately governed fund, supported by donations, for the development of WOSM associated programs.

WOSM is the counterpart of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS).[further explanation needed][citation needed] It is a non-governmental organization with General Consultative Status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).[8]

History

[edit]

In 1920, a conference held during the 1st World Scout Jamboree at Olympia, London agreed to create a Boy Scouts international bureau. An office was established at 25 Buckingham Palace Road, London and The Boy Scouts Association of the United Kingdom International Commissioner, Hubert S. Martin, was appointed as honorary director. The bureau's principal task was to co-ordinate discussions and prepare a second international conference in Paris in 1922.[1][2] At the 1922 Paris conference, The International Conference of the Boy Scout Movement and its committee were constituted and took over the bureau in London.[2]

In 1961, the organization's conference reconstituted the organization under the name World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM). Its International Conference of the Boy Scout Movement became WOSM's World Scout Conference ("conference"), its Boy Scouts International Committee became WOSM's World Scout Committee ("committee") and its Boy Scouts International Bureau became WOSM's World Scout Bureau ("bureau").[9]

Member Organizations

[edit]

See: WOSM members

WOSM's membership consists of its remaining founding member organizations and organizations recognized by WOSM as national scout organizations. WOSM's rules protect its founding and existing member organizations by permitting only one member organization in each country and locking-out all other Scout organizations from WOSM membership, recognition and participation no matter how worthy or large their membership.[1] Several member organizations are federations, some with different component groups divided on the basis of religion (e.g., France and Denmark), ethnic identification (e.g., Israel) or language (e.g., Belgium). However, WOSM has never required an existing member organization to federate with other Scout organizations in the country, in order to make WOSM more inclusive and representative. There are numerous Canadian Scout organizations but only one is a WOSM member organization (the Canadian branch of one of the organizations that founded WOSM) which has a French language affiliate which is thereby recognized by WOSM. Other than this inherent limitation on WOSM membership, the basis for WOSM membership includes adherence to WOSM's aims and principles and independence from political involvement on the part of each member organization.

WOSM has members in some non-sovereign territories.

Non-national members

[edit]

WOSM historically recognized some non-national Scout organizations:

  • "National" organizations operating outside their original homelands. WOSM's conference admitted and recognised the exile Russian Scouts as the "Representatives of Russian Scouting in Foreign Countries" on 30 August 1922 and the Armenian Scouts in France were recognized as a "National Movement on Foreign Soil" on 30 April 1929.[9]
  • Small, non-voting associations. The International Boy Scouts of the Canal Zone, a group in Panama with Scouts that claimed British and not Panamanian nationality was originally placed under the Boy Scouts of America's overseas but, in 1947, was transferred under WOSM's bureau.[10] The group had over 900 members in 1957 and existed as a directly registered group until the late 60s.[citation needed] The Boy Scouts of the United Nations began in 1945 and for years there was an active Boy Scouts of the United Nations with several troops at Parkway Village in New York City but only 14 members in 1959.[citation needed] Both the International Boy Scouts of the Canal Zone and the Boy Scouts of United Nations have long since disbanded.
  • Directly registered "mixed-nationality Troops" were registered after discussions concerning such troops took place at WOSM's 3rd conference in 1924[11] at which WOSM's bureau was authorized to directly register such groups. It seems that the discussion at WOSM's 1924 conference was, at least in part, prompted by a letter to Baden-Powell from the Scoutmaster of one such troop in Yokohama, Japan.[12] Janning's troop became the first troop directly registered by WOSM's bureau.[13] Only a few troops were directly registered and the practice was soon discontinued with new "mixed" groups being encouraged to join the WOSM member organization of their country of residence. In 1955, only two such groups were still active, a troop in Iraq that disbanded that year,[14] and the first group to be so registered, the International Troop 1 in Yokohama.[15][16] The only remaining directly registered Troop is the International Boy Scouts, Troop 1 located in Yokohama, Japan.[citation needed]
  • Temporary recognition was extended to Scouts in displaced persons camps after World War II. In 1947, at WOSM's 11th conference the "Displaced Persons Division" of WOSM's bureau was established to register and support Scouts in displaced person camps in Austria, Northern Italy, and Germany.[17] These Scouts did not receive the right of WOSM membership but gained recognition as Scouts under WOSM's bureau until they took up residence in a country that had a recognized national Scout organization, which they could join.[18] The D.P. Division was closed on 30 June 1950.[19]

WOSM associate members are recognized but not full members.

Countries without a WOSM member organization

[edit]

In 2020, WOSM listed twenty-five potential member organizations. Ten of these were served by oversea branches of WOSM member organizations (see #Countries and territories with Scouting run by overseas branches of WOSM member organizations).[20]

In 2020, WOSM listed five countries as without Scouts.

Structure

[edit]

Conference

[edit]

WOSM's conference is its general meeting of member organizations' representatives which meet every three years, hosted by a member association. Each member organizations may send six delegates. The conference is usually preceded by the World Scout Youth Forum.[21][22]

Date Number Location Country Member Countries Host Candidate Countries
1920 Retrospectively referred to as the "First International Conference" London  United Kingdom 33
1922 First International Conference (retrospectively referred to as the "Second")[2] Paris  France 30
1924 Third International Conference Copenhagen  Denmark 34
1926 Fourth International Conference Kandersteg   Switzerland 29
1929 Fifth International Conference Birkenhead  United Kingdom 33
1931 Sixth International Conference Baden bei Wien  Austria 44
1933 Seventh International Conference Gödöllő  Hungary 31
1935 Eighth International Conference Stockholm  Sweden 28
1937 Ninth International Conference The Hague  Netherlands 34
1939 10th International Conference Edinburgh  United Kingdom 27
1947 11th International Conference Château de Rosny-sur-Seine  France 32
1949 12th International Conference Elvesæter  Norway 25
1951 13th International Conference Salzburg  Austria 34
1953 14th International Conference Vaduz  Liechtenstein 35
1955 15th International Conference Niagara Falls, Ontario  Canada 44
1957 16th International Conference Cambridge  United Kingdom 52
1959 17th International Conference New Delhi  India 35
1961 18th International Conference Lisbon  Portugal[23] 50
1963 19th World Scout Conference Rhodes  Greece 52
1965 20th World Scout Conference Mexico City  Mexico 59
1967 21st World Scout Conference Seattle  United States 70
1969 22nd World Scout Conference Espoo  Finland 64
1971 23rd World Scout Conference Tokyo  Japan 71
1973 24th World Scout Conference Nairobi  Kenya 77
1975 25th World Scout Conference Lundtoft  Denmark 87
1977 26th World Scout Conference Montreal  Canada 81
1979 27th World Scout Conference Birmingham  United Kingdom 81
1981 28th World Scout Conference Dakar  Senegal 74
1983 29th World Scout Conference Dearborn  United States 90
1985 30th World Scout Conference Munich  West Germany 93
1988 31st World Scout Conference Melbourne  Australia 77
1990 32nd World Scout Conference Paris  France 100
1993 33rd World Scout Conference Sattahip  Thailand 99
1996 34th World Scout Conference Oslo  Norway 108
1999 35th World Scout Conference Durban  South Africa 116
2002 36th World Scout Conference Thessaloniki  Greece 125
2005 37th World Scout Conference Hammamet  Tunisia 122  Hong Kong
2008 38th World Scout Conference Jeju-do  South Korea 150
2011 39th World Scout Conference Curitiba  Brazil 138  Australia,  Hong Kong,  Switzerland
2014 40th World Scout Conference Ljubljana  Slovenia 143  Italy
2017 41st World Scout Conference Baku  Azerbaijan 169[24]  Malaysia
2021 42nd World Scout Conference Digital 170[25]
2024 43rd World Scout Conference Cairo  Egypt[26] 176  France,  Mexico
2027 44th World Scout Conference London  United Kingdom[27]  Rwanda,[28]

Committee

[edit]

WOSM's committee is its executive governing body, composed of elected volunteers and its secretary general, which is responsible for the implementation of the resolutions of its conference and governs the organization between meetings of its conference. The committee meets at least twice a year. Its steering committee, consisting of the chairperson, two vice-chairpersons and its youth advisor and secretary general meet as needed.[29]

The committee has 21 members. Twelve, each from a different country, are elected for three-year terms by WOSM's conference. The members, elected without regard to their nationality, represent the interests of the movement as a whole, not those of their country. The secretary general, the treasurer of WOSM and a representative member of the board of the World Scout Foundation and the chairpersons of the regional Scout committees are ex-officio members of the committee. From 2008 to 2021 six Youth Advisors to the WSC were elected by the World Scout Youth Forum. The Youth Advisors participated in all of the WSC meetings and were also part of the governing structure between the meetings.[30] There will be no Youth Advisors from 2024.

The 2021-2024 the committee set up work streams to address the top strategic priorities, as defined by WOSM's conference, which at present include:[31]

  • Educational Methods
    • Boosting adult volunteers
    • Earth Tribe Coordinating Team
    • Gender Mainstreaming Coordination
    • Life Skills Initiative
    • SCENES Coordination Team
  • World Events
    • Evolution of its conference
    • Innovation of all World Events
  • Good Governance
    • Growth, Recovery and Resilience - Enabling Capacities for Growth
    • GSAT Review and New Partner On-boarding
    • Safe from Harm 1 - Compliance Mechanism Build, Pilot and Implementation
    • Safe from Harm in World and Regional Events
    • Strengthening Consultants Support in Financial Management
    • WOSM Consultants 2.0

Task forces include:

  • Youth Engagement in Decision-Making
  • Sustainability

Workstream Coordination Group

  • Project management support
  • Volunteer management support
  • Monitoring and evaluation support

Standing committees include:

  • Audit
  • Budget
  • Constitutions
  • Ethics
  • Honours and Awards
  • Steering

Current committee members

[edit]
Name Country Position until
Daniël Corsen  Curaçao Chairperson 2027
Mori Chi-Kin Cheng  Hong Kong Vice Chairperson 2027
Julius Kramer  Sweden Vice Chairperson 2027
Victor Atipagah  Ghana Voting member 2027
Elise Drouet  France Voting member 2027
Callum Kaye  United Kingdom Voting member 2027
Steve Kent  Canada Voting member 2027
Nour Elhouda Mahmoudi  Algeria Voting member 2027
Martin Meier  Liechtenstein Voting member 2027
Mohammad Omar  Egypt Voting member 2027
Christine Pollithy  Germany Voting member 2027
Sahali Ycossie  Côte d'Ivoire Voting member 2027
Rubem Tadeu Cordeiro Perlingeiro  Brazil Chair, Interamerican Region 2025
Matthias Gerth   Switzerland Chair, European Region 2025
Abdullah Mohammad Al-Turaiji  Kuwait Chair, Arab Region 2025
Maina Kiranga  Botswana Chair, African Region 2025
Dale Corvera  Philippines Chair, Asia-Pacific Region 2025
Hong Leng Chay  Singapore Treasurer
Ahmad Alhendawi  Jordan Secretary General
Jennifer Hancock  United States World Scout Foundation
  • Note: In 2008, WOSM's conference decided that, starting at the conference in 2011, elected committee members will serve for only three years but be eligible for re-election for one additional term. Due SARS-COV2 (COVID-19) pandemic, WOSM's conference was rescheduled from Aug 2020 to Aug 2021.

Bureau

[edit]
WOSM's World Scout Bureau has five regional divisions:
  Arab Region: Cairo, Egypt
  Africa Region: Nairobi, Kenya.
  Asia-Pacific Region: Makati, Philippines.
  European Region: Geneva, Switzerland; and Brussels, Belgium.
  Interamerican Region: Panama
  No WOSM members

WOSM's bureau is its secretariat that carries instructions of its conference and committee. The bureau is administered by the secretary general, supported by a staff of technical resource personnel.[21][32]

A bureau was established in London, England in 1922, moved to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in 1959, Geneva, Switzerland after 1 May 1968[33] and Kuala Lumpur after August 2013.[34]

Directors / secretaries general and deputies

[edit]
Title Years Name Country
Director 1920–1938 Hubert S. Martin  United Kingdom
Director 1938–1951 John Skinner Wilson  United Kingdom
Director 1951–1965 Daniel Spry  Canada
Director 1965–1968 Richard T. Lund  United Kingdom
Secretary General 1968–1988 László Nagy   Switzerland
Secretary General 1988–2004 Jacques Moreillon   Switzerland
Deputy Secretary General 1991–2004 Malek Gabr  Egypt
Deputy Secretary General 1991–2004 Luc Panissod  France
Secretary General 2004–2007 Eduardo Missoni  Italy
Deputy Secretary General 2004–2007 Dominique Bénard  France
Deputy Secretary General 2004–2007 Luc Panissod  France
Secretary General 2007–2012  France
Secretary General 2013–2016 Scott Teare  USA
Secretary General 2017– 2024 Ahmad Alhendawi  Jordan

[35][36]

Kandersteg International Scout Centre

[edit]

Kandersteg International Scout Centre in Switzerland, operated by The KISC Association is the only WOSM activity centre.[37]

Programmes

[edit]

The Better World Framework combines the Scouts of the World Award, Messengers of Peace and World Scout Environment Programmes as programme initiatives administered by WOSM's bureau. [38]

WOSM emblem

[edit]
WOSM emblem
OwnerWorld Organization of the Scout Movement
Created1955, minor redesign August 2024
 Scouting portal

WOSM's emblem and trademark is a purple circular logo with a white fleur-de-lis in the center with a purple five-point star in each outer lobe, surrounded by a circle of white rope tied with a reef or square knot at the base.

Symbolism

[edit]

The fleur-de-lis, commonly with a five-point star in each of outer lobe, is a more widely used symbol of the Scout Movement. The fleur-de-lis represents the north point on a map or compass and is intended to point Scouts on the path to service. The three lobes on the fleur-de-lis represent the three parts of the Scout Promise: duty to God, service to others and obedience to the Scout Law.[39] A "bond", tying the three lobes of the fleur-de-lis together, symbolizes the family of Scouts.[40] The two five-point stars stand for truth and knowledge, with the ten points representing the ten points of the Scout Law.

The WOSM emblem adds an encircling rope, tied with a knot at the base, which symbolizes the unity and bond of the Scout Movement[citation needed] and uses purple and white colours. In heraldry, the white of the fleur-de-lis and rope denotes purity and the royal purple denotes leadership and service.[40]

WOSM emblem history

[edit]

For the origin of the fleur-de-lis as a more widely used Scout symbol see: Scout Movement.

1939–1955 WOSM emblem

From its origin in 1922 until 1939, WOSM did not have its own emblem. In 1939, its director, J. S. Wilson, introduced an international Scout badge, a silver fleur-de-lis on a purple background containing the five continent names in silver framed between two concentric circles. Wearing of the badge was confined to WOSM committee members and bureau staff and their past members. The design became WOSM's logo and a purple flag containing the design followed, the flying of which was restricted to WOSM international Scout gatherings.

1955–2024 WOSM emblem.

In 1955, WOSM's emblem was redesigned in mid-century minimalist style, dropping the continent names and circles and replacing them with a circle of tied rope in the style of family clan emblems. The redesign was introduced at WOSM's 8th World Scout Jamboree by former Boy Scouts of Greece National Commissioner Demetrios Alexatos.[41]

In August 2024, WOSM introduced the current minor redesign of its emblem.

Use by WOSM member organizations

[edit]

WOSM's emblem is worn by Scouts and Scouters of several of its member organizations, which determine the manner in which WOSM's emblem is worn.

The Scout Association (United Kingdom)

[edit]

The Scout Association refers to WOSM's emblem as its "Membership Award"[40] and uses it as its joining badge for its Beavers, Cubs, Scouts, Explorer Scouts and Scout Network, with progressing requirements intended to help the member understand their commitment.[42][43][44][45]

Boy Scouts of America

[edit]

The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) refers to WOSM's emblem as the World Crest. It may be worn on BSA uniforms as an emblem of the worldwide Scout Movement. BSA first used the badge as an award for Scouts and Scouters who participated in an international Scouting event from early 1956 through 1991 with requirements devised by each council. In 1991, BSA made it part of the uniform for all Scouts and its International Activity Patch replaced the World Scout Crest as an award.[46]

Scouts South Africa

[edit]

Scouts South Africa uses the WOSM emblem badge when new members join as a Cub, a Scout or an Adult Leader. The badge is worn on the left front pocket of the uniform, over the heart.[citation needed]

Further reading about WOSM emblem

[edit]
  • Wilson, John S. (1959). Scouting Round the World (PDF) (First ed.). Blandford Press. p. 210.

Awards

[edit]

Bronze Wolf Award

[edit]

WOSM's Bronze Wolf Award is given for exceptional services to the international Scout Movement. It was first awarded to Robert Baden-Powell by a unanimous decision of the committee on the day the award was instituted in 1935.[citation needed]

Scouts of the World Award

[edit]

See article:Scouts of the World Award

Inter-religious forum

[edit]
See also: Religion in Scouting

WOSM's Inter-religious Forum serves as a working-group for eight main religious groups:[47]

Publications

[edit]

Publications of WOSM include:

Countries and territories with Scouts run by overseas branches of WOSM member organizations

[edit]

Ten of these overseas branches of accredited National Scout Organizations are considered "potential members" by the WOSM (marked by *).[48]

Sovereign countries

[edit]

Served by the Boy Scouts of America

Served by The Scout Association (UK)'

Served by Scouts Australia

Non-sovereign territories

[edit]

Australia

Denmark

France

New Zealand

United Kingdom

United States

Antarctica

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Constitution of the World Organization of the Scout Movement" (PDF). World Organization of the Scout Movement. January 2011. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e Colquhoun, OBE, John Frederick (1954). Running a Scout Group. London: The Boy Scouts Association. p. 198. the first International Conference was held in Paris in '1922', when Great Britain became one of the founder-members of the world organization.
  3. ^ a b "Scouting in Albania joins as the 176th Member Organization of World Scouting | World Scouting". Scout.org. 16 August 2024. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024.
  4. ^ "Association des Scouts et Guides du Mali joins as 175th Member of World Scouting". World Organization of the Scout Movement. 9 June 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Final WOSM Census 2022" (PDF). 31 May 2022.
  6. ^ "Mission". World Organization of the Scout Movement. 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  7. ^ "The Mission of Scouting". World Organization of the Scout Movement. 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2007.
  8. ^ "WOSM and the UN". World Organization of the Scout Movement. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  9. ^ a b Kroonenberg, Piet J. (March 2004). "Chapter 2: International Scouting: Refugees, Displaced Persons and Exile Scouting". The Undaunted (Integral Internet Edition, November 2011 ed.). Las Vegas International Scouting Museum. ISBN 9780974647906. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
  10. ^ Wilson, John S. (1959). "The International Bureau Goes on the Road". Scouting Round the World (first ed.). London: Blandford Press. p. 134. At Balboa we met up with Gunnar Berg and Ray Wyland of the B.S.A., also on their way to Bogota, and had a conference about the question of coloured Scouts in the Canal Zone, who claim British and not Panamanian nationality. It was agreed that they should be taken under the wing of the Canal Zone Council of the Boy Scouts of America, but ten years later they were transferred directly under WOSM's bureau as the International Boy Scouts of the Canal Zone.
  11. ^ Wilson, J. S. (1948). "Historical Documents - Letter from BSIB Deputy Director". International Boy Scouts. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  12. ^ Janning, Jos. (1967). "Historical Documents - Letter from IBS Scoutmaster". International Boy Scouts. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  13. ^ Lund, R.T. (1955). "Historical Documents - Letter from BSIB Deputy Director". International Boy Scouts. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  14. ^ Lund, R.T. (1950). "Historical Documents - Letter from BSIB Deputy Director". International Boy Scouts. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  15. ^ Kentropp, Keith E. (1972). "Historical Documents - Letter from BSIS". International Boy Scouts. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  16. ^ Lund, R.T. (1956). "Historical Documents - Letter from BSIB Deputy Director". International Boy Scouts. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  17. ^ Kroonenberg, Piet J. (1998). The Undaunted – The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe. Geneva: Oriole International Publications. pp. 42–43. ISBN 2-88052-003-7.
  18. ^ Kroonenberg, Piet J. (1998). The Undaunted – The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe. Geneva: Oriole International Publications. pp. 43–46. ISBN 2-88052-003-7.
  19. ^ Kroonenberg, Piet J. (1998). The Undaunted – The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe. Geneva: Oriole International Publications. pp. 45–46. ISBN 2-88052-003-7.
  20. ^ "National Scout Organizations". www.scout.org.
  21. ^ a b "World Scouting". WOSM World Scouting. Archived from the original on 24 December 2005. Retrieved 2 February 2006.
  22. ^ "Laszlo Nagy (1921–2009) / Secretary General / World Bureau / Governance / Our Organisation / Home – World Organization of the Scout Movement". Archived from the original on 26 September 2009.
  23. ^ "Moot 'Down Under'". The Daily News. St. John's, Newfoundland. 9 February 1960. p. 9. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2019 – via NewspaperArchive.com.
  24. ^ "World Scouting Welcomes the Iraq Scout Association". World Scouting. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  25. ^ "Opening of the 42nd World Scout Conference". 25 August 2021. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  26. ^ "World Scout Conference declares Egypt the host for the next event in 2024". World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
  27. ^ "Scouts - World Scout Conference 2027". Scouts.org.uk. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024.
  28. ^ Rwanda Scouts Association [@RwandaScouts] (23 April 2024). "🌟 Exciting news! 🌟 @RwandaScouts Association has been nominated as an "Official Bidder" to host the 44th World Scout Conference(2027)! 🎉 ..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  29. ^ "World Scout Committee". WOSM World Scouting. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  30. ^ "Dates of the 43rd World Scout Conference in Cairo, Egypt". Scout.org. World Scout Bureau. 8 November 2022.
  31. ^ "Annex 1: 2021-2024 Operational Framework" (PDF). World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  32. ^ "World Scout Bureau fact sheet". WOSM World Scouting. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2006.
  33. ^ "History and Location". WOSM World Scout Bureau. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  34. ^ "World Scout Bureau - Relocation of Central Office" (PDF). WOSM Circular N° 20/2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  35. ^ "Next Secretary General – World Organization of the Scout Movement". scout.org. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  36. ^ "Alhendawi announces departure – Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth". United Nations. 15 November 2016. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  37. ^ "World Scout Centre - World Scouting". www.scout.org.
  38. ^ "Launched: World Scouting-UNESCO World Heritage Recognition Initiative, Messengers of Peace Programme at the 23rd World Scout Jamboree" (PDF). WOSM. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  39. ^ "The World Membership Badge" (PDF). The Scout Association. 16 May 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  40. ^ a b c "The Scouts Membership Award". The Scout Association. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  41. ^ Wilson, John S. (1959). Scouting Round the World (1st ed.). Blandford Press. p. 268.
  42. ^ "Beaver Scout Badges: The Beaver Scout Membership Award". The Scout Association. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  43. ^ "Cub Scout Badges: The Cub Scout Membership Award". The Scout Association. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  44. ^ "Scout Badges: The Scout Membership Award". The Scout Association. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  45. ^ "Explorer Scout Badges: The Explorer Scout Membership Award". The Scout Association. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  46. ^ Walton, Mike (1999). "The World Crest Badge...(and why do we *all* wear it?)". Retrieved 21 December 2006.
  47. ^ "Inter-religious Forum of World Scouting". scout.org. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  48. ^ "Scouting elsewhere". World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2008.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Facts on World Scouting, Boy Scouts International Bureau, Ottawa, Canada, 1961
  • Laszlo Nagy, 250 Million Scouts, The World Scout Foundation and Dartnell Publishers, 1985
  • Eduard Vallory, "World Scouting: Educating for Global Citizenship", Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012
[edit]
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