List of artificial intelligence projects
(Redirected from Artificial intelligence projects)
| Part of a series on |
| Artificial intelligence |
|---|
_artificial_intelligence_icon.png){kind=icon} |
The following is a list of current and past, non-classified notable artificial intelligence projects.
Specialized projects
[edit]Brain-inspired
[edit]- Blue Brain Project, an attempt to create a synthetic brain by reverse-engineering the mammalian brain down to the molecular level.[1]
- Google Brain, a deep learning project part of Google X attempting to have intelligence similar or equal to human-level.[2]
- Human Brain Project, ten-year scientific research project, based on exascale supercomputers.[3]
Cognitive architectures
[edit]- 4CAPS, developed at Carnegie Mellon University under Marcel A. Just[4]
- ACT-R, developed at Carnegie Mellon University under John R. Anderson.[5]
- AIXI, Universal Artificial Intelligence developed by Marcus Hutter at IDSIA and ANU.[6]
- CALO, a DARPA-funded, 25-institution effort to integrate many artificial intelligence approaches (natural language processing, speech recognition, machine vision, probabilistic logic, planning, reasoning, many forms of machine learning) into an AI assistant that learns to help manage your office environment.[7]
- CHREST, developed under Fernand Gobet at Brunel University and Peter C. Lane at the University of Hertfordshire.[8]
- CLARION, developed under Ron Sun at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and University of Missouri.[9]
- CoJACK, an ACT-R inspired extension to the JACK multi-agent system that adds a cognitive architecture to the agents for eliciting more realistic (human-like) behaviors in virtual environments.[10]
- Copycat, by Douglas Hofstadter and Melanie Mitchell at the Indiana University.[11]
- DUAL, developed at the New Bulgarian University under Boicho Kokinov.[12]
- FORR developed by Susan L. Epstein at The City University of New York.[13]
- IDA and LIDA, implementing Global Workspace Theory, developed under Stan Franklin at the University of Memphis.[14]
- OpenCog Prime, developed using the OpenCog Framework.[15]
- Procedural Reasoning System (PRS), developed by Michael Georgeff and Amy L. Lansky at SRI International.[16]
- Psi-Theory developed under Dietrich Dörner at the Otto-Friedrich University in Bamberg, Germany.[17]
- Soar, developed under Allen Newell and John Laird at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Michigan.[18]
- Society of Mind and its successor The Emotion Machine proposed by Marvin Minsky.[19]
- Subsumption architectures, developed e.g. by Rodney Brooks[20] (though it could be argued whether they are cognitive).
Games
[edit]- AlphaGo, software developed by Google that plays the Chinese board game Go.[21]
- Chinook, a computer program that plays English draughts; the first to win the world champion title in the competition against humans.[22]
- Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer developed by IBM which beat Garry Kasparov in 1997.[23]
- Halite, an artificial intelligence programming competition created by Two Sigma in 2016.[24]
- Libratus, a poker AI that beat world-class poker players in 2017, intended to be generalisable to other applications.[25]
- The Matchbox Educable Noughts and Crosses Engine (sometimes called the Machine Educable Noughts and Crosses Engine or MENACE) was a mechanical computer made from 304 matchboxes designed and built by artificial intelligence researcher Donald Michie in 1961.[26]
- Quick, Draw!, an online game developed by Google that challenges players to draw a picture of an object or idea and then uses a neural network to guess what the drawing is.[27]
- The Samuel Checkers-playing Program (1959) was among the world's first successful self-learning programs, and as such a very early demonstration of the fundamental concept of artificial intelligence (AI).[28]
- Stockfish AI, an open source chess engine currently ranked the highest in many computer chess rankings.[29]
- TD-Gammon, a program that learned to play world-class backgammon partly by playing against itself (temporal difference learning with neural networks).[30]
Internet activism
[edit]- Serenata de Amor, project for the analysis of public expenditures and detect discrepancies.[31]
Knowledge and reasoning
[edit]- Alice (Microsoft), a project from Microsoft Research Lab aimed at improving decision-making in Economics
- Braina, an intelligent personal assistant application with a voice interface for Windows OS.[32]
- Cyc, an attempt to assemble an ontology and database of everyday knowledge, enabling human-like reasoning.[33]
- Eurisko, a language by Douglas Lenat for solving problems which consists of heuristics, including some for how to use and change its heuristics.[34]
- Google Now, an intelligent personal assistant with a voice interface in Google's Android and Apple Inc.'s iOS, as well as Google Chrome web browser on personal computers.[35]
- Holmes a new AI created by Wipro.[36]
- Microsoft Cortana, an intelligent personal assistant with a voice interface in Microsoft's various Windows 10 editions.[37]
- Mycin, an early medical expert system.[38]
- Open Mind Common Sense, a project based at the MIT Media Lab to build a large common sense knowledge base from online contributions.[39]
- Siri, an intelligent personal assistant and knowledge navigator with a voice-interface in Apple Inc.'s iOS and macOS.[40]
- SNePS, simultaneously a logic-based, frame-based, and network-based knowledge representation, reasoning, and acting system.[41]
- Viv (software), a new AI by the creators of Siri.[42]
- Wolfram Alpha, an online service that answers queries by computing the answer from structured data.[43]
Motion and manipulation
[edit]- AIBO, the robot pet for the home, grew out of Sony's Computer Science Laboratory (CSL).[44]
- Cog, a robot developed by MIT to study theories of cognitive science and artificial intelligence, now discontinued.[45]
Music
[edit]- Melomics, a bioinspired technology for music composition and synthesization of music, where computers develop their own style, rather than mimic musicians.[46]
Natural language processing
[edit]- AIML, an XML dialect for creating natural language software agents.[47]
- Apache Lucene, a high-performance, full-featured text search engine library written entirely in Java.[48]
- Apache OpenNLP, a machine learning based toolkit for the processing of natural language text. It supports the most common NLP tasks, such as tokenization, sentence segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, named entity extraction, chunking and parsing.[49]
- Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity (A.L.I.C.E.), a natural language processing chatterbot.[50]
- ChatGPT, a chatbot built on top of OpenAI's GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 (paid) family of large language models.[51]
- Cleverbot, successor to Jabberwacky, now with 170m lines of conversation, Deep Context, fuzziness and parallel processing. Cleverbot learns from around 2 million user interactions per month.[52]
- ELIZA, a famous 1966 computer program by Joseph Weizenbaum, which parodied person-centered therapy.[53]
- FreeHAL, a self-learning conversation simulator (chatterbot) which uses semantic nets to organize its knowledge to imitate a very close human behavior within conversations.[54]
- Gemini, a family of multimodal large language model developed by Google's DeepMind.[55] Drives the Gemini chatbot, formerly known as Bard.[56]
- GigaChat, a chatbot by Russian Sberbank.[57]
- GPT-3, a 2020 language model developed by OpenAI that can produce text difficult to distinguish from that written by a human.[58]
- Jabberwacky, a chatbot by Rollo Carpenter, aiming to simulate natural human chat.[59]
- LaMDA, a family of conversational neural language models developed by Google.[60]
- Mycroft, a free and open-source intelligent personal assistant that uses a natural language user interface.[61]
- PARRY, another early chatterbot, written in 1972 by Kenneth Colby, attempting to simulate a paranoid schizophrenic.[62]
- SHRDLU, an early natural language processing computer program developed by Terry Winograd at MIT from 1968 to 1970.[63]
- SYSTRAN, a machine translation technology by the company of the same name, used by Yahoo!, AltaVista and Google, among others.[64]
- DBRX, 136 billion parameter open sourced large language model developed by Mosaic ML and Databricks.[65]
Speech recognition
[edit]- CMU Sphinx, a group of speech recognition systems developed at Carnegie Mellon University.[66]
- DeepSpeech, an open-source Speech-To-Text engine based on Baidu's deep speech research paper.[67]
- Whisper, an open-source speech recognition system developed at OpenAI.[68]
Speech synthesis
[edit]- 15.ai, a real-time artificial intelligence text-to-speech tool developed by an anonymous researcher from MIT.[69]
- Amazon Polly, a speech synthesis software by Amazon.[70]
- Festival Speech Synthesis System, a general multi-lingual speech synthesis system developed at the Centre for Speech Technology Research (CSTR) at the University of Edinburgh.[71]
- WaveNet, a deep neural network for generating raw audio.[72]
Video
[edit]- Synthesia is a video creation and editing platform, with AI-generated avatars that resemble real human beings.[73]
Other
[edit]- 1 the Road, the first novel marketed by an AI.[74]
- AlphaFold is a deep learning based system developed by DeepMind for prediction of protein structure.[75]
- Otter.ai is a speech-to-text synthesis and summary platform, which allows users to record online meetings as text. It additionally creates live captions during meetings.[76]
- Synthetic Environment for Analysis and Simulations (SEAS), a model of the real world used by Homeland security and the United States Department of Defense that uses simulation and AI to predict and evaluate future events and courses of action.[77]
Multipurpose projects
[edit]Software libraries
[edit]- Apache Mahout, a library of scalable machine learning algorithms.[78]
- Deeplearning4j, an open-source, distributed deep learning framework written for the JVM.[79]
- Keras, a high level open-source software library for machine learning (works on top of other libraries).[80]
- Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit (previously known as CNTK), an open source toolkit for building artificial neural networks.[81]
- OpenNN, a comprehensive C++ library implementing neural networks.[82]
- PyTorch, an open-source Tensor and Dynamic neural network in Python.[83]
- TensorFlow, an open-source software library for machine learning.[84]
- Theano, a Python library and optimizing compiler for manipulating and evaluating mathematical expressions, especially matrix-valued ones.[85]
GUI frameworks
[edit]- Neural Designer, a commercial deep learning tool for predictive analytics.[86]
- Neuroph, a Java neural network framework.[87]
- OpenCog, a GPL-licensed framework for artificial intelligence written in C++, Python and Scheme.[15]
- PolyAnalyst: A commercial tool for data mining, text mining, and knowledge management.[88]
- RapidMiner, an environment for machine learning and data mining, now developed commercially.[89]
- Weka, a free implementation of many machine learning algorithms in Java.[90]
Cloud services
[edit]- Data Applied, a web based data mining environment.[91]
- Watson, a pilot service by IBM to uncover and share data-driven insights, and to spur cognitive applications.[92]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Graham-Rowe, Duncan. "Mission to build a simulated brain begins". New Scientist. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
- ^ "What is Google Brain?". GeeksforGeeks. 2020-02-06. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
- ^ Siva, Nayanah (2023). "What happened to the Human Brain Project?". The Lancet. 402 (10411): 1408–1409. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02346-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 37866363.
- ^ Just, M. A., & Varma, S. (2007). The organization of thinking: What functional brain imaging reveals about the neuroarchitecture of complex cognition. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(3), 153-191.
- ^ "ACT-R » Software". Retrieved 2024-06-06.
- ^ Marcus Hutter (2000). A Theory of Universal Artificial Intelligence based on Algorithmic Complexity. arXiv:cs.AI/0004001. Bibcode:2000cs........4001H.
- ^ "75 Years of Innovation: CALO (Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes)". SRI. 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
- ^ "CHREST | CHREST". chrest.info. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
- ^ "The CLARION Project Home Page". Archived from the original on 2010-08-18.
- ^ Ritter, Frank E.; Bittner, Jennifer L.; Kase, Sue E.; Evertsz, Rick; Pedrotti, Matteo; Busetta, Paolo (2012). "CoJACK: A high-level cognitive architecture with demonstrations of moderators, variability, and implications for situation awareness". Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures. 1: 6. doi:10.1016/j.bica.2012.04.004. ISSN 2212-683X.
- ^ Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1995). "The Copycat Project: A Model Of Mental Fluidity and Analogy-making". Fluid concepts & creative analogies: computer models of the fundamental mechanisms of thought (PDF). Fluid Analogies Research Group. New York: Basic Books. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-465-05154-0.
- ^ "DUAL Cognitive Architecture". alexpetrov.com. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
- ^ "FORR". www.cs.hunter.cuny.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
- ^ "An Introduction to the LIDA Cognitive Architecture with Robotics Applications". Cognitive Computing Research Group - University of Memphis.
- ^ a b Hart, David (2009-02-27). "OpenCog: Open-Source Artificial General Intelligence for Virtual Worlds". Cyber Tech News. Archived from the original on 2009-03-06.
- ^ Georgeff, Michael; Lansky, Amy (1986-01-01). "A System For Reasoning In Dynamic Domains: Fault Diagnosis On The Space Shuttle". SRI. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
- ^ Dörner, Dietrich (1999). Bauplan für eine Seele (in German) (1. Aufl ed.). Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt Verl. ISBN 978-3-498-01288-5.
- ^ Laird, John E. (20 August 2019). The Soar Cognitive Architecture. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262538534. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
- ^ Minsky, Marvin (1986). The society of mind. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-60740-1.
- ^ Brooks, R. (1986). "A robust layered control system for a mobile robot". IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation. 2 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1109/JRA.1986.1087032. ISSN 0882-4967.
- ^ "Artificial intelligence: Google's AlphaGo beats Go master Lee Se-dol". BBC News. 2016-03-12. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Chinook - World Man-Machine Checkers Champion". University of Alberta. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Pandolfini, Bruce (1997-10-16). Kasparov and Deep Blue: The Historic Chess Match Between Man and Machine. Simon and Schuster. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-684-84852-5.
- ^ "Cornell Tech - Two Sigma Announces Public Launch of Halite, A.I. Coding Game". Cornell Tech. 2016-11-02. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Libratus Poker AI Beats Humans for $1.76m. Is End of". PokerListings. 2017-01-31. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Child, Oliver (13 March 2016). "Menace: the Machine Educable Noughts And Crosses Engine". Chalkdust Magazine. Archived from the original on 2016-10-19. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Burgess, Matt. "You can now play a Pictionary-style game called Quick Draw against Google's AI". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Sutton, Richard (1997). "14.2 Samuel's Checkers Player". Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (PDF). MIT Press. p. 279.
- ^ "About". Stockfish. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Sammut, Claude; Webb, Geoffrey I., eds. (2010), "TD-Gammon", Encyclopedia of Machine Learning, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 955–956, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30164-8_813, ISBN 978-0-387-30164-8, retrieved 2024-06-07
- ^ "Sistema que fiscaliza gastos de deputados gera 680 denúncias na Câmara" [System that monitors parliamentary spending generates 680 complaints in the Chamber of Deputies]. G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2017-01-25. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Free Artificial Intelligence (AI) software for your PC". ZDNET. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Fisher, I. A. (2024-04-17). "Cyc: history's forgotten AI project". Outsider Art. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Johnson, George (1984). "Eurisko, The Computer With A Mind Of Its Own". The Alicia Patterson Foundation. Archived from the original on 2019-04-29. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Luckerson, Victor. "This May Be Google's Coolest Invention Ever". TIME.com. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Wipro HOLMES™". The Wealth Mosaic. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Levy, Karyne. "Microsoft Has Its Own Version Of Siri, A Voice Assistant Called 'Cortana'". Business Insider. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Yu, Victor L. (1979-09-21). "Antimicrobial Selection by a Computer: A Blinded Evaluation by Infectious Diseases Experts". JAMA. 242 (12): 1279–1282. doi:10.1001/jama.1979.03300120033020. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 480542.
- ^ "Project Overview ‹ Open Mind Common Sense". MIT Media Lab. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "SIRI RISING: The Inside Story Of Siri's Origins -- And Why She Could Overshadow The iPhone". HuffPost. 2013-01-22. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Findler, N. V., ed. (1979). "The SNePS semantic network processing system". Associative networks: representation and use of knowledge by computers (PDF). New York: Academic Press. pp. 179–203. ISBN 978-0-12-256380-5.
- ^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (2016-05-04). "Siri's creators will unveil their new AI bot on Monday". The Verge. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Wolfram 'search engine' goes live". 2009-05-18. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Sony Launches Four-Legged Entertainment Robot". Sony. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Cog Project Overview". groups.csail.mit.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Artificial music: The computers that create melodies". BBC Future. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "AIML Foundation". www.aiml.foundation. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Welcome to Apache Lucene". lucene.apache.org. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Apache OpenNLP". opennlp.apache.org. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Alicebot Technology History". alicebot.org. Archived from the original on 2017-12-30. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Edwards, Benj (2023-03-14). "OpenAI's GPT-4 exhibits "human-level performance" on professional benchmarks". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Saenz, Aaron (2010-01-13). "Cleverbot Chat Engine Is Learning From The Internet To Talk Like A Human". Singularity Hub. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Alan Turing at 100". Harvard Gazette. 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "About - FreeHAL". freehal.github.io. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Grant, Nico (2023-05-10). "Google Builds on Tech's Latest Craze With Its Own A.I. Products". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "From Bard to Gemini: Google's ChatGPT Competitor Gets a New Name and a New App". CNET. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Russia's Sberbank releases ChatGPT rival GigaChat". Reuters. 2023-04-24. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "From GPT-3 to Human-Like Prose: Assessing the Effectiveness of Text Generation Models". AIContentfy. 2023-09-01. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "No One's Talking About The Amazing Chatbot That Passed The Turing Test 3 Years Ago | Business Insider India". Business Insider. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Google I/O 2021: Google unveils LaMDA". ZDNET. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Bhartiya, Swapnil (2016-01-17). "Mycroft: Linux's Own AI". Linux.com. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Parry the AI chatterbot". Phrasee. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Winograd, Terry (1971-01-01). "Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language". AI Technical Reports. hdl:1721.1/7095.
- ^ Giussani, Bruno (1998-03-10). "Free Translation of Language Proves More Divertimento Than a Keg of Monkeys". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Knight, Will. "Inside the Creation of the World's Most Powerful Open Source AI Model". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ El Amrani, Mohamed Yassine; Rahman, M.M. Hafizur; Wahiddin, Mohamed Ridza; Shah, Asadullah (2016). "Building CMU Sphinx language model for the Holy Quran using simplified Arabic phonemes". Egyptian Informatics Journal. 17 (3): 305–314. doi:10.1016/j.eij.2016.04.002. ISSN 1110-8665.
- ^ "A TensorFlow implementation of Baidu's DeepSpeech architecture". Mozilla. 2017-12-05. Retrieved 2017-12-05.
- ^ Wiggers, Kyle (2022-09-21). "OpenAI open-sources Whisper, a multilingual speech recognition system". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Clayton, Natalie (2021-01-19). "Make the cast of TF2 recite old memes with this AI text-to-speech tool". PC Gamer. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Perez, Sarah (2018-02-08). "Amazon launches a Polly WordPress plugin that turns blog posts into audio, including podcasts". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "The Festival Speech Synthesis System". The Centre for Speech Technology Research - The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Coldewey, Devin (2016-09-09). "Google's WaveNet uses neural nets to generate eerily convincing speech and music". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Heikkiläarchive, Melissa. "An AI startup made a hyperrealistic deepfake of me that's so good it's scary". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Hornigold, Thomas (2018-10-25). "The First Novel Written by AI Is Here—and It's as Weird as You'd Expect It to Be". Singularity Hub. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "AlphaFold". Google DeepMind. 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Markoff, John (2019-10-02). "From Your Mouth to Your Screen, Transcribing Takes the Next Step". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Baard, Mark (23 June 2007). "Sentient world: war games on the grandest scale". The Register.
- ^ "Apache Mahout: Highly Scalable Machine Learning Algorithms". InfoQ. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Novet, Jordan (2014-06-02). "Skymind launches with open-source, plug-and-play deep learning features for your app". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Keras: Deep Learning for humans". keras.io. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "The Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit - Cognitive Toolkit - CNTK". learn.microsoft.com. 2017-01-22. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "OpenNN, An Open Source Library For Neural Networks". KDnuggets. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Ali, Moez (2023). "NLP with PyTorch: A Comprehensive Guide". Datacamp. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Metz, Cade. "Google Just Open Sourced the Artificial Intelligence Engine at the Heart of Its Online Empire". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Bergstra, J.; O. Breuleux; F. Bastien; P. Lamblin; R. Pascanu; G. Desjardins; J. Turian; D. Warde-Farley; Y. Bengio (30 June 2010). "Theano: A CPU and GPU Math Expression Compiler" (PDF). Proceedings of the Python for Scientific Computing Conference (SciPy) 2010.
- ^ "A high performance solution for predictive analytics | Neural Designer Project | Fact Sheet | H2020". CORDIS | European Commission. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Java Neural Network Framework Neuroph". neuroph.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Zhang, Qingyu; Segall, Richard S. (2010), Maimon, Oded; Rokach, Lior (eds.), "Commercial Data Mining Software", Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1245–1268, Bibcode:2010dmak.book.1245Z, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09823-4_65, ISBN 978-0-387-09823-4, retrieved 2024-06-07
- ^ Norris, David (2013-11-15). "RapidMiner – a potential game changer - Bloor Research". www.bloorresearch.com. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Holmes, Geoffrey; Donkin, Andrew; Witten, Ian H. (1994). Weka: A machine learning workbench (PDF). Proceedings of the Second Australia and New Zealand Conference on Intelligent Information Systems, Brisbane, Australia.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, Marshall (2009-12-01). "Ex-Microsofties Launch $500 'Meaning Machine' For Large Data Sets". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Jackson, Joab (2014-01-09). "IBM bets big on Watson-branded cognitive computing". PCWorld. Retrieved 2024-06-07.