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Politics of Alberta

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Politics of Alberta
Coat of arms of Alberta
Polity typeProvince within a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
ConstitutionConstitution of Canada
Legislative branch
NameLegislature
TypeUnicameral
Meeting placeAlberta Legislature Building, Edmonton
Presiding officerSpeaker of the Legislative Assembly
Executive branch
Head of state
CurrentlyKing Charles III
represented by
Salma Lakhani,
Lieutenant Governor
Head of government
CurrentlyPremier
Danielle Smith
AppointerLieutenant Governor
Cabinet
NameExecutive Council
LeaderPremier (as President of the Executive Council)
AppointerLieutenant Governor
HeadquartersEdmonton
Ministries26
Judicial branch
Court of Appeal
Chief judgeRitu Khullar
SeatLaw Courts, Edmonton
Court of King's Bench
Chief judgeMary T. Moreau
SeatEdmonton
Provincial Court
SeatEdmonton
Alberta's first Legislature, Edmonton, 1906
This article is part of a series on
Alberta
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Timeline of Alberta history

The politics of Alberta are centred on a provincial government resembling that of the other Canadian provinces, namely a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. The capital of the province is Edmonton, where the provincial Legislative Building is located.

The unicameral legislature, the Alberta Legislature, is composed of the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, which has 87 members. Government is conducted after the Westminster model. The provincial government's revenue, although it is often described as predominantly coming from the province's resource base, actually is derived from a variety of sources. Nonrenewable resource revenue provided the government with 24 percent of its revenue in 2010–11, with about the same coming from individual income tax, 14 per cent from grants from the federal government, and about eight percent coming from both corporations and the government's own business activities. Alberta is the only province in Canada without a provincial sales tax (see also Sales taxes in Canada).

Alberta has a single-tier system of municipal government similar to that of most of the other provinces.

Lieutenant governor

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Charles III, King of Canada, is also the sovereign for Alberta's provincial jurisdiction. Within Canada, the monarch exercises power individually on behalf of the federal government, and the 10 provinces. The powers of the Crown are vested in the monarch and are exercised by the lieutenant governor.

While the advice of the premier and Executive Council is typically binding on the lieutenant governor, there are occasions when the lieutenant governor has refused advice. This usually occurs if the premier does not clearly command the confidence of the elected Legislative Assembly, or if the advice or legislation would be unconstitutional.

In 2022, Lieutenant Governor Salma Lakhani identified the constitutional role of the lieutenant governor as the most important part of the job. She stated "We are a constitutional monarchy, and this is where we do checks and balances. I’m what I would call a ‘constitutional fire extinguisher.’ We don’t have to use it a lot, but sometimes we do have to use it," in response to a proposed "Alberta Sovereignty Act" if it was determined to be unconstitutional. The proposed law would give the province the ability to ignore federal legislation it does not agree with.[1]

Legislative power

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Main article: Legislative Assembly of Alberta

The Legislative Assembly of Alberta is the deliberative assembly of the Alberta Legislature for the province of Alberta, Canada, and is seated at the Alberta Legislature Building in the provincial capital of Edmonton. The Legislative Assembly is a unicameral assembly of 87 members, elected first past the post from single-member electoral districts.[2]Bills passed by the legislature are given Royal Assent by Charles III, King of Canada, represented by the Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta.[3] The current Legislature is the 30th, since Alberta entered Confederation under the Alberta Act in 1905, and is composed of members elected in the April 16, 2019 general election, and returned a majority parliament controlled by the United Conservative Party commonly abbreviated to 'UCP'.

Executive power

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Main article: Government of Alberta

The day-to-day operation and activities of the Government of Alberta are performed by the provincial departments and agencies, staffed by the non-partisan public service, and directed by the elected government.[4]

The premier of Alberta is the primary minister of the Crown. The premier acts as the head of government for the province, chairs and selects the membership of the Cabinet, and advises the Crown on the exercise of executive power and much of the royal prerogative.[5]

History of Alberta politics

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Provincial

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Alberta's parliamentary governments are determined by general elections held every three to five years. Five years is the maximum term allowed. By-elections are conducted between the general elections to fill seats left vacant by death or resignation. In each election (so far) a single party has taken a majority of the seats, although sometimes it does this after receiving less than half the votes cast.

Alberta's politics has historically been one of long-lasting governments with government changes being few and far between.

For the first 16 years Alberta was a province it had a Liberal government. Through the 1910s the growing farmer movement forced reforms out of this government and, embodied in the United Farmers of Alberta group, it launched itself into direct politics, winning power in the first election it contested.

Louise McKinney and Roberta MacAdams were the first women elected to the Legislative Assembly, in the 1917 election. They were also the first women in any legislature of the British Empire. Irene Parlby was the first woman appointed to the provincial Cabinet, in 1921.

Alberta was swept up in the wave of "prairie populism" that took place after the First World War; from 1921 to 1935 the United Farmers of Alberta headed the longest-lived of the farmers' governments that won power in Canada during this time. It made several reforms including changing Alberta's election system. Ranked voting was brought in --Single transferable voting proportional representation in the cities and Instant-runoff voting outside the cities. The UFA lost all its seats in 1935 when William Aberhart's Social Credit party (Socred) was elected on a radical monetary reform platform. After Aberhart's death in 1943 and changing economic conditions, the Socred government moved to the right under Premier Ernest Manning.

For over 80 years, the province was governed by right of centre parties. The Socreds were succeeded in 1971 by the Progressive Conservatives. Ralph Klein was premier of Alberta from 1992 to 2006 and despite multiple controversies, he remained the leader of the Progressive Conservative party and thus the province although only 55 percent of delegates from his party signified their approval of his leadership on the spring of 2006, pushing him into retirement.[6] In the previous election (2004) Klein's PC party had taken less than half the votes cast in the province but had won 75 percent of the seats.[7]

Left wing Edmonton was an exception to the province's post–Second World War conservative voting pattern, earning it the nickname "Redmonton". Edmonton city residents, to a larger extent than elsewhere, tend to vote for the Liberal Party of Alberta and Alberta New Democrats. Their preferences is often obscured by the first-past-the-post electoral system. No Labour or CCF or NDP candidate won an Edmonton seat from 1955 to 1982, despite the large left vote in the city overall, in part due to the cancellation of the STV/IRV voting systems in 1956.[8] The 2004 provincial election was an example of how the city got its nickname "Redmonton"; Liberal and New Democrat candidates won 15 of the city's 18 seats.[9]

While Tories won 13 of Edmonton's 18 seats in 2008, Klein's successor, Ed Stelmach, represented a riding just outside Edmonton and was perceived to be less connected to the interests of the energy corporations whose headquarters are in Calgary.

Stelmach gave way in 2011 to Alison Redford, the province's first female premier. She led the Tories to a 12th consecutive election victory in 2012. Redford was forced to resign in 2014, and was ultimately succeeded by former federal minister Jim Prentice.

The period of conservative dominance in Alberta politics was broken in 2015 when the Alberta New Democratic Party formed government for the first time, and Rachel Notley became Alberta's 17th premier. The NDP won 54 of Alberta's 87 seats.

The 2019 general election saw Jason Kenney and his new United Conservative Party (a merger of the Progressive Conservative and Wildrose parties) sweep to power. The UCP won 63 of 87 seats in the Alberta legislature, returning the province to conservative politics. This was the only election in Alberta history to dethrone an incumbent government after only a single term. However, the UCP received just 54 percent of the vote, the first-past-the-post system inflating the avalanche of switched seats and exaggerating the appearance of the party's popularity. In the 2023 general election, the UCP won another majority but by smaller margins - UCP 49 seats, NDP 38 seats; UCP 53 percent of votes, NDP 44 percent of votes cast overall.[10]

Federal

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When first MPs were elected in what is present-day Alberta in 1880s/1890s, Calgary and southern Alberta generally elected Conservatives, such as Donald Watson Davis and north-central Alberta elected Liberals such as Frank Oliver.

After province-hood, Alberta's federal representation mostly echoed that of its provincial government. Like provincial elections, federal elections again and again saw the leading party (no matter what its label) receive more than its due share of members and the other parties were under-represented.

When Liberals were in power in the Legislative Assembly, most of the province's MPs were Liberal. The 1917 election was an exception - The Union government's use of the soldier vote meant that Liberal candidates with majority support among voters voting in the riding were not declared elected.

Then when the United Farmers dominated from 1921 to 1935, most of the Alberta MPs were of that party. Calgary was a labour stronghold, and its election of two Labour MPs in 1921 was un-equalled anywhere else in the country.

When Social Credit came into vogue, winning its first electoral successes in 1935, federal representation also changed to being mostly Socred. The Social Credit party under Ernest Manning turned right-wing in the 1940s, but this apparently mirrored changing sentiment among Alberta voters. And the party maintained its power provincially and its hold on most of the federal seats until the 1970s.

Alberta's conservative leaning was pronounced on the federal level. The province was the heartland of the Reform Party of Canada and its successor, the Canadian Alliance. These parties were the second-largest political parties in the federal Parliament from 1997 to 2003 and they were located on the political right.

The Canadian Alliance merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form today's Conservative Party of Canada. The Conservatives' former leader and ex–Prime Minister Stephen Harper, moved to Alberta in the 1980s and represented a Calgary riding; Rona Ambrose, the party's interim leader and Leader of the Opposition (2015–17), is also an Albertan.

Alberta elected no Liberal MP 1958-1963, 1965-1968, 1972-1993, 2006-2015, 2019 to 2021. In 2021 it elected one in Edmonton and one in Calgary. In 2021 it received 15.5 percent of the Alberta votes so was proportionally due five seats in that province. In those years when Alberta had no Liberal MPs, Liberals were in power 1965-1968, 1972-1979, 1980-1984, 1993 to 2006 and 2019 to the present. In almost all of those five periods, for a total of 31 years, Alberta did not have direct representation in the federal cabinet. This included the years when PM Pierre Trudeau tried to create a National Energy Program. It failed. To this day, Canada is one of only a few major countries without a national energy plan.

The CCF never did elect an MP in Alberta. But under its later label, the New Democratic Party, the left has achieved more successes in Alberta, electing an MP in 1988 and one in Edmonton-Strathcona every time since 2008. In 2021 an additional NDP MP was elected in Edmonton Griesbach. The party received almost a fifth of the Alberta vote in 2021 and proportionally was due six seats.

Rural Alberta ridings typically give the leading party, whether it is the Conservatives, or the United Farmers, Social Credit, Reform and the Alliance before them, some of the highest margins in the country; in many cases, the successful candidate receives more than two-thirds of the vote.

Provincial political culture

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Alberta's political stability has led to a series of political continuity. Voters have turned a government out of office only five times in 115 years. The two governments prior to 2015 were among the longest-lived in the Commonwealth.

Sine the end of STV/IRV in 1956, Alberta elections have used the first-past-the-post voting system so MLAs elected do not necessarily receive a majority of the votes in the constituency, and the party with a majority of the seats in the Legislature does not necessarily receive a majority of votes cast in the election. For example, in the 2004 election, the Progressive Conservative party won 61 of 83 seats (73% of the seats) but obtained only 47% of the popular vote.

During the UFA and early Socred government periods, elections were conducted using transferable preferential ballots (see ranked voting). Members in cities ran in city-wide districts, under the single transferable voting system ensuring city-wide proportional representation in the Legislature; members outside the cities were elected using Instant-runoff voting.[11][12] In the cities, under STV, balanced representation was elected, while IRV, used elsewhere, produced the same disproportional results that were produced before 1924 and after 1956 by first past the post. No Labour, CCF or NDP members were elected in Edmonton prior to 1982 except in elections where STV was used.[13] Many of the opposition parties today include electoral reform in their policies.[14][15]

In its history, Alberta has seen only six distinct governments, with no party ever returning to form government under the same label again after defeat. (The UFA government of 1921-1935 can be seen as a precursor of the NDP government of 2015-2019 as it organizationally was its forerunner. The present UCP government is an organizational descendant of the old Progressive-Conservative Party that reigned from 1971 to 2015.)[16]

1905–1921 Alberta Liberal Party
1921–1935 United Farmers of Alberta
1935–1971 Social Credit Party of Alberta
1971–2015 Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta
2015–2019 Alberta New Democratic Party
2019–present United Conservative Party

All Alberta elections have resulted in a majority government, a trend unseen in any other Canadian province. (But frequently the most popular party was the choice of less than half the voters.) Even with crossing the floor or by-elections, Alberta has never had a minority government. Each government has held a majority of seats in the Legislature.

Liberal to UFA to Social Credit (1905-1971)

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Elections to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta (1905-1967) - seats won by party
Government Liberal UFA Social Credit
Party 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1926 1930 1935 1940 1944 1948 1952 1955 1959 1963 1967
    Liberal 22 36 39 34 15 7 11 5 1 2 3 15 1 2 3
    United Farmers of Alberta 38 43 39
    Social Credit 56 36 51 51 53 37 61 60 55
    Conservative 3 2 17 19 4 6 2 1 3
    Progressive Conservative 1 1 6
    Socialist 1
    Labor Representation 1
    Dominion Labor 4 5 4 1
    Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 2 2 1 2
    Veterans' and Active Force 1
    Coalition 1 1 1
    Independent Labour 1
    Independent Liberal 1
    Independent Social Credit 3 1 1 1 1
    Independent 1 2 1 3 19 3 1 1 1
    Liberal Conservative 1
    Soldiers' vote (Province at large) 2
    Canadian Armed Forces 3
Total 25 41 56 58 61 60 63 63 57 60 57 60 61 65 63 65

Progressive Conservative to NDP to UCP (1971 to present)

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Elections to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta (1971-2019) - seats won by party
Government Progressive Conservative NDP UCP
Party 1971 1975 1979 1982 1986 1989 1993 1997 2001 2004 2008 2012 2015 2019 2023
    Progressive Conservative 49 69 74 75 61 59 51 63 74 62 72 61 10
    Social Credit 25 4 4
    Wildrose 17 21
    United Conservative 63 49
    New Democratic 1 1 1 2 16 16 2 2 4 2 4 54 24 38
    Liberal 4 8 32 18 7 16 9 5 1
    Representative Party 2
    Alberta Alliance 1
    Independent Social Credit 1
    Alberta Party 1
    Independent 2
Total 75 75 79 79 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 87 87 87 87

Some Albertans continue to resent the imposition in the 1980s of the National Energy Program (NEP) by the Liberal federal government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. It was considered to be an intrusion by the federal government in an area of provincial responsibility. This led some Albertans to advocate separation of the province from Canada but this advocacy (despite occasional surges in interest) has never resulted in electoral success. Neither, however, has the Liberal Party of Canada enjoyed much success in Alberta (outside of Edmonton) since that time. The NEP was ended when the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, led by Brian Mulroney, formed the federal government following the 1984 federal election.

In the 2006 election, the federal Conservative Party of Canada won all the seats in Alberta, providing them with a complete sweep of the province. However, the NDP won the seat of Edmonton—Strathcona in the election of 2008, denying the Conservatives a sweep of the province in this election. No Alberta seats changed parties in the 2011 election, in which the Conservatives went from a minority government to a parliamentary majority. In all three elections, many of the Conservative candidates were elected with large majorities of the vote. Alberta has for decades been considered a conservative fortress, no matter which right-of-centre party they may have chosen to support. Albertans followed strong support for the Progressive Conservatives in the 1980s with the same degree of support for the Reform Party, and the Canadian Alliance in the 1990s, finally delivering a clean sweep for the new Conservative Party of Canada only a few years after its creation in 2003–2004.

However, small disaffection with the Conservative Party of Canada over policies enacted during its minority government such as Equalization payments in Canada and the Conservatives' reversal on income trusts led to the founding of the nascent federal Party of Alberta, in 2006. Provincially, while the Progressive Conservative Party of Alberta had been in power for 40 years, they continued to win large majorities in the Legislative Assembly, winning 72 out of 83 seats in the March 2008 provincial election, although with declining popularity and lowering voter turn-out, reflecting increasing disfavour among ordinary Albertans regarding the government's market-first policies, its low quality of health and education services, and its flat-income tax policy. As well, for the first time since the 1980s, the PCs faced a challenge from the right wing, the upstart Wildrose Alliance Party. A November 2009 poll said the new party had 28% support, just 6 points behind the governing PCs.[17] In polls, the Wildrose Party had a double digit lead over the PCs in December 2009, with 39% versus 25% each for the PCs and Alberta Liberals.[18]

In April 2015, Jim Prentice called an election for May 5, citing the need for a mandate in order to make longer-term economic changes.[19] Though initial polls had the PCs in the lead, as the election approached they fell behind the opposition Wildrose party, and the NDP. On May 5 the NDP gained 53 seats, winning a majority government under Rachel Notley.[20]

The United Conservative Party (UCP) was established in July 2017 as a merger between the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta and the Wildrose Party. When established, the UCP immediately formed the Official Opposition in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. The UCP won a majority mandate in the 2019 Alberta general election to form the government of Alberta. In the 2023 election they lost several seats but maintained a majority in the Legislative Assembly.

Finance

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Budget

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The 2016-2017 budget contained a $10.4 billion deficit, with $41.1 billion in revenue and $51.1 billion in expenditures. The budget also contained a $700 million risk adjustment, which was intended to reflect "volatility of Alberta’s resource revenue."[21]

Budgets of the Government of Alberta
Year[a] Date Name Bill Minister of Finance Budget (Billions CAD)[b][c] Actual (Billions CAD)[b][c][d] Notes
Minister Party Revenue Expenditure Other

(Provinsion/ Allowance)

Deficit WTI(USD)[e] Revenue Expenditure Deficit WTI

(USD)[e]

2020 February 27, 2020 A plan for jobs and the economy Travis Toews UCP 50.0 56.1 -0.8 -6.8 58.00 43.1 60.1 -17.0 42.32 [22][23]
2019 October 24, 2019 A plan for jobs and the economy Travis Toews UCP 50.0 56.5 -2.2 -8.7 57.00 46.2 58.4 -12.2 62.77 [24][25]
2018 March 22, 2018 A recovery built to last Joe Ceci NDP 47.9 56.2 -0.5 -8.8 59.00 49.6 56.3 -6.7 53.69 [26][27]
2017 March 16, 2017 Working to make life better Joe Ceci NDP 45.0 54.9 -0.5 -10.3 55.00 47.3 55.3 -8.0 53.69 [28][29]
2016 April 14, 2016 The Alberta jobs plan Joe Ceci NDP 41.4 51.1 -0.7 -10.4 42.00 42.3 53.1 -10.8 47.93 [30]
2015[f] October 27, 2015 Supporting jobs, supporting families. The Alberta way. Joe Ceci NDP 43.8 49.9 -6.1 50.00 42.5 48.9 -6.4 45.00 [31]
March 16, 2015 N/A Robin Campbell PC 43.4 48.4 -5.0 54.84 [32]
2014 March 6, 2014 The building Alberta plan Doug Horner PC 43.1 40.4 2.6 95.22 49.5 48.4 1.1 80.48 [33]
2013 March 7, 2013 Responsible change Doug Horner PC 37.6 38.0 1.1 0.7 92.50 45.3 44.5 0.8 99.05 [34][35]
2012 February 9, 2012 Investing in people Ron Liepert PC 40.3 41.1 -0.9 99.25 38.7 41.6 -2.8 92.07 [36]
2011 February 24, 2011 Building a better Alberta Lloyd Snelgrove PC 35.6 39.0 -3.4 89.40 39.2 39.3 -0.02 97.33 [37][38]
2010 February 9, 2010 Striking the right balance Ted Morton PC 34.0 38.7 -4.7 78.75 35.0 38.4 -3.4 83.38 [39]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Alberta's Lt.-Gov. says she's willing to toss Smith's sovereignty act if unconstitutional". edmontonjournal. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  2. ^ "Legislative Assembly of Alberta". www.assembly.ab.ca.
  3. ^ The Alberta Act, 4-5 Edw. VII [1905], c. 3 (Canada), s. 12 .
  4. ^ Neitsch, Alfred Thomas (2008). "A Tradition of Vigilance: The Role of Lieutenant Governor in Alberta" (PDF). Canadian Parliamentary Review. 30 (4). Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association: 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
  5. ^ "Parliamentary System". www.assembly.ab.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  6. ^ "Klein receives goodbye hugs, pancakes" Archived 2012-10-15 at the Wayback Machine by the Canadian Press via Canada.com, July 24, 2006, retrieved July 24, 2006
  7. ^ "Elections | Canadian Elections Database".
  8. ^ Mardon and Mardon, Alberta Election Results
  9. ^ Alberta Elections Archived 2009-07-06 at the Wayback Machine (2004)
  10. ^ "Election Results".
  11. ^ Monto, Tom. Old Strathcona – Edmonton's Southside Roots, Edmonton: Crang Publishing, 2011 (available at Alhambra Books, Edmonton), p. 426
  12. ^ Monto, Tom (2021). When Canada Had Proportional Representation. STV in Western Canada 1917-1971. Alhambra Books.
  13. ^ A Report on Alberta Elections (1982)
  14. ^ "Alberta Liberal leader demands electoral reform". CTV. 2004-11-06. Archived from the original on November 2, 2011. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  15. ^ Alberta Greens - 2004 Elections
  16. ^ Canadian Encyclopedia, "United Conservative Party" https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/united-conservative-party
  17. ^ "The Wildrose Alliance is gaining ground; Conservative support shrinking". Environics. 2009-11-05. Archived from the original on 2009-11-09. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
  18. ^ "Wildrose Alliance Leads in Alberta as Progressive Conservatives Falter" (PDF). Angus Reid Public Opinion. 2009-12-11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-12-11.
  19. ^ "Jim Prentice seeks mandate on May 5th in cautious Alberta election bid". The Globe and Mail. 2015-04-07. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
  20. ^ "Alberta Election 2015 results". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2015-05-05. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
  21. ^ "Alberta Fiscal Plan Overview (2016)" (PDF).
  22. ^ Budget 2020: Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2020. ISBN 978-1-4601-4717-7. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  23. ^ 2020-21 Final Results - Year-end Report (PDF). Government of Alberta. June 2021. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-05-30.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  24. ^ Budget 2019: Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2019. ISBN 978-1-4601-4596-8. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  25. ^ Government of Alberta 2019–20 Annual Report (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2020. ISBN 978-1-4601-4812-9. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  26. ^ Budget 2018: Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2018. ISBN 978-1-4601-3834-2. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  27. ^ Government of Alberta 2018–19 Annual Report (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2019. ISBN 978-1-4601-4523-4. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  28. ^ Budget 2017: Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2017. ISBN 978-1-4601-3251-7. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  29. ^ Government of Alberta 2017–18 Annual Report (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2018. ISBN 9781460140581. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  30. ^ Budget 2016: The Alberta Jobs Plan - Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4601-2866-4. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  31. ^ Budget 2015: Supporting Jobs. Supporting Families. The Alberta Way. Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4601-2595-3. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  32. ^ Budget 2015: Fiscal Plan (March) (PDF). Government of Alberta. March 2015. ISBN 978-1-4601-2179-5. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  33. ^ The Building Alberta Plan - Budget 2014, Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2014. ISBN 978-1-4601-1585-5. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  34. ^ Budget 2013: Responsible Change, Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2013. ISBN 978-1-4601-0680-8. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  35. ^ Government of Alberta 2013–14 Annual Report (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2014. ISBN 978-1-4601-1722-4. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  36. ^ Budget 2012: Investing in People, Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2012. ISBN 978-0-7785-9865-7. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  37. ^ Budget 2011: Building a Better Alberta, Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2011. ISBN 978-0-7785-5930-6. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  38. ^ Government of Alberta 2011-12 Annual Report (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4601-0340-1.
  39. ^ Budget 2010: Striking the Right Balance, Fiscal Plan (PDF). Government of Alberta. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7785-5808-8. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  1. ^ Fiscal year is April 1 to March 31
  2. ^ a b Numbers across different fiscal years are not strictly comparable due to numerous accounting policy changes over time.
  3. ^ a b Totals may not add up due to rounding
  4. ^ Actual expenses taken from reporting in future year budgets or Annual Reports
  5. ^ a b West Texas Intermediate is used a benchmark in North America and serves as a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil
  6. ^ The Progressive Conservative government under Premier Jim Prentice introduced a budget for the 2015-16 fiscal year prior to calling the 2015 Alberta general election. The New Democratic Party under Premier Rachel Notley introduced a new budget for the 2015-16 fiscal year upon forming government.
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