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Jefferson County, Arkansas

Coordinates: 34°17′15″N 91°56′32″W / 34.28750°N 91.94222°W / 34.28750; -91.94222
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This article is about the county of Jefferson in Arkansas. For other uses, see Jefferson County (disambiguation).

Jefferson County
County
County of Jefferson
The south façade of the Jefferson County Courthouse
The south façade of the Jefferson County Courthouse
Map of Arkansas highlighting Jefferson County
Location within the U.S. state of Arkansas
Map of the United States highlighting Arkansas
Arkansas's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 34°17′15″N 91°56′32″W / 34.28750°N 91.94222°W / 34.28750; -91.94222
Country United States
State Arkansas
EstablishedNovember 2, 1829
(195 years ago) (1829-11-02)
Named forThomas Jefferson
SeatPine Bluff
Largest cityPine Bluff
Other citiesAltheimer, Humphrey, Redfield, White Hall
Government
 • County JudgeGerald Robinson (D)
Area
 • Total
914 sq mi (2,370 km2)
 • Land871 sq mi (2,260 km2)
 • Water43 sq mi (110 km2)  4.7%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
67,260
 • Estimate 
(2023)
63,661 Decrease
 • Density74/sq mi (28/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
71601–71603, 71644, 71659, 72004, 72046, 72073, 72079, 72132, 72150, 72152, 72160, 72168, 72175
Area code501, 870
Congressional district4th
Websitejeffersoncountyar.gov

Jefferson County, Arkansas is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas in the area known as the Arkansas Delta that extends west of the Mississippi River. Jefferson County consists of five cities, two towns, and 20 townships. It is bisected by the Arkansas River, which was critical to its development and long the chief transportation byway. In 2020, Jefferson County's population was estimated at 67,260.[1] The county seat and largest city is Pine Bluff.[2] The county is included in the Pine Bluff metropolitan statistical area. The county seat and the most populous city is Pine Bluff.

Jefferson County was formed from Vaugine Township, Pulaski County and Richland Township, Arkansas County in the Arkansas Territory on November 2, 1829.[3] It is named for Thomas Jefferson, third U.S. president.[4] It was the site of the Battle of Pine Bluff on October 25, 1863.

History

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The area now known as Jefferson County was occupied by the Quapaw when Henri de Tonti established Arkansas Post in 1686. De Tonti claimed the area for Louis XIV, King of France.[5]

In March 1819, Robert Crittenden was appointed secretary of the Arkansas Territory. That same year, Joseph Bonne, traveling upstream on the Arkansas River from Arkansas Post, built a cabin on a "high bluff covered with pine trees" on the river's south bank.[citation needed] Several years later, James Scull, also from Arkansas Post, established a tavern and small inn on the river's north bank, across from what would become the site of Pine Bluff.[5] Five years later, Secretary Crittenden convinced the remaining Quapaw to sign a treaty with the U.S. government relinquishing what remained of their tribal lands.[5]

Steamboat travel led to expanding settlement, bringing to the area such men as French Peninsular War veteran and Indian trader Antoine Barraque (a civil township in northwest Jefferson County and Pine Bluff's principal east–west street are both named for him) and brothers James T. and John Pullen (main thoroughfares are both named for them).[5] On November 2, 1829, Territorial Governor John Pope—Crittenden's successor—approved the establishment of Jefferson County. Though Bonne's cabin was initially used; by August 1832, "Pine Bluff Town" became the permanent county seat."[5]

The land in the county was developed as large cotton plantations, with fronts on the river for transportation. The plantations were dependent on the labor of enslaved African Americans, who comprised a majority of the population in the county well before the American Civil War.[citation needed] After the war, planters in Jefferson County gradually resumed cotton cultivation and processing.[citation needed] The economy was driven by cotton and the Delta area was highly productive.[citation needed]

Because of the county's large African-American population, it was a center of Black political power in the decades after the Civil War before Jim Crow eliminated nearly all Black participation in politics. Twenty-two different African Americans from Jefferson County were elected to the Arkansas state legislature between 1871 and 1893, by far the most from any county.[6]

In 1886, Jefferson County produced 55,120 bales of cotton, the most in Arkansas, and the second-most throughout the South.[7] Transportation companies serving the county at the time included the Cotton Belt Route, the St. Louis – San Francisco Railway, Missouri Pacific, the Arkansas River Packet Company, the Wiley Jones Street Car Lines, and the Citizens Street Railway Company.[8]

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 914 square miles (2,370 km2), of which 871 square miles (2,260 km2) is land and 43 square miles (110 km2) (4.7%) is water.[9] The county is located approximately 43 miles (69 km) southeast of Little Rock, 144 miles (232 km) southwest of Memphis, Tennessee, and 218 miles (351 km)

Transit

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Major highways

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Adjacent counties

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Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1830772—
18402,566232.4%
18505,834127.4%
186014,971156.6%
187015,7335.1%
188022,38642.3%
189040,88182.6%
190040,9720.2%
191052,73428.7%
192060,33014.4%
193064,1546.3%
194065,1011.5%
195076,07516.9%
196081,3737.0%
197085,3294.9%
198090,7186.3%
199085,487−5.8%
200084,278−1.4%
201077,435−8.1%
202067,260−13.1%
2023 (est.)63,661[10]−5.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[11]
1790–1960[12] 1900–1990[13]
1990–2000[14] 2010–2016[15]
Age pyramid for Jefferson County (as of 2000).[16]

2020 census

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Jefferson County racial composition[17]
Race Number Percentage
White (non-Hispanic) 25,230 37.51%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 37,712 56.07%
Native American 212 0.32%
Asian 664 0.99%
Pacific Islander 93 0.14%
Other/Mixed 1,861 2.77%
Hispanic or Latino 1,488 2.21%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 67,260 people, 27,593 households, and 16,356 families residing in the county.

2010 census

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As of the 2010 census, there were 77,435 people living in the county. 55.1% were Black or African American, 42.0% White, 0.8% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 0.7% of some other race and 1.2% of two or more races. 1.6% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).[18]

2000 census

[edit]

As of the 2000 census,[19] there were 84,278 people, 30,555 households, and 21,510 families living in the county. The population density was 95 inhabitants per square mile (37/km2). There were 34,350 housing units at an average density of 39 per square mile (15/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 49.58% Black or African American, 48.46% White, 0.24% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. 0.96% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. By comparison, the county had 15,714 residents in 1870, 20% of whom were White.[20]

In the county, there were 30,555 households, out of which 33.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.40% were married couples living together, 18.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.60% were non-families. 26.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.13. The population was spread out, with 26.30% under the age of 18, 10.80% from 18 to 24, 27.80% from 25 to 44, 22.10% from 45 to 64, and 12.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.40 males.

Jefferson County experienced a decline in population between 2000 and 2010 of 8.1%.[21] The county has continued to decline in population since 2010, showing a 3.5% decrease in population to 74,723 between the 2010 census and the 2012 (-3.5%) census estimates.[22]

The median income for a household in the county was $31,327, and the median income for a family was $38,252. Males had a median income of $31,848 versus $21,867 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,417. About 16.00% of families and 20.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.60% of those under age 18 and 17.80% of those age 65 or over.

Government and infrastructure

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The state has built a number of correctional facilities in and near Pine Bluff, and moved the headquarters of the Arkansas Department of Corrections (ADC) to here in 1979.[23][24][25] The administrative Annex East is on Harding Avenue in Pine Bluff, south of city hall.[26] The Diagnostic Unit,[27] the Pine Bluff Unit, and the Randall L. Williams Correctional Facility are in the "Pine Bluff Complex" in Pine Bluff.[28][29] The headquarters of the Arkansas Correctional School system are within the Pine Bluff Complex.[29][30]

The Arkansas Department of Community Correction Southeast Arkansas Community Corrections Center is in Pine Bluff.[31] The Maximum Security Unit is 25 miles (40 km) north of central Pine Bluff and off Arkansas Highway 15 in unincorporated Jefferson County.[32] The Tucker Unit is also located north of Pine Bluff.[33] Historically the Arkansas Boys' Industrial School and the Arkansas Negro Boys' Industrial School were in the county.[34]

Politics

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Jefferson County is strongly Democratic in races for president, governor, and the United States Senate. In the Reconstruction Era, the county's majority black residents favored presidential candidates from the Republican Party in every election from 1868 to 1888.[citation needed] In the early 1890s, white Southern Democrats passed laws to disenfranchise black voters from engaging in the political process, a process which ended by the 1960s, and blacks began to favor voting for Democrats and southern whites favored the Republicans. Since 1892, Democrats have carried the county in all but three presidential elections, when Republican William McKinley won it in 1900, American Independent Party candidate George Wallace won it in 1968 and Republican Richard Nixon won it in 1972, the latter whom carried every county in Arkansas. No Republican since George H. W. Bush in 1988 has won over 40% of the county's vote, although Joe Biden is the first Democrat since that year to get under 60% in the county.

In the style of many urban counties in the Barack Obama and post-Obama eras, the Democratic Party continues to enjoy a strong following in Jefferson County, even as the non-urban areas have deeply turned against the party.

United States presidential election results for Jefferson County, Arkansas[35]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 8,468 39.19% 12,802 59.25% 338 1.56%
2020 9,521 37.84% 14,981 59.55% 656 2.61%
2016 9,250 35.72% 15,772 60.91% 872 3.37%
2012 9,520 34.77% 17,470 63.80% 393 1.44%
2008 10,655 35.89% 18,465 62.19% 569 1.92%
2004 10,218 33.51% 19,675 64.52% 600 1.97%
2000 8,765 32.22% 17,716 65.13% 720 2.65%
1996 6,330 22.87% 19,701 71.18% 1,646 5.95%
1992 7,525 23.74% 21,819 68.85% 2,348 7.41%
1988 12,520 42.08% 16,664 56.01% 568 1.91%
1984 14,514 44.10% 18,082 54.95% 313 0.95%
1980 10,697 35.60% 17,292 57.55% 2,057 6.85%
1976 8,034 27.67% 21,001 72.33% 0 0.00%
1972 16,888 61.95% 10,346 37.95% 26 0.10%
1968 4,860 20.22% 9,125 37.96% 10,053 41.82%
1964 9,968 43.40% 12,872 56.04% 129 0.56%
1960 4,839 31.76% 8,442 55.41% 1,954 12.83%
1956 5,743 45.73% 6,426 51.17% 389 3.10%
1952 5,925 41.57% 8,300 58.24% 27 0.19%
1948 1,176 14.32% 5,086 61.92% 1,952 23.76%
1944 1,578 27.80% 4,095 72.15% 3 0.05%
1940 587 13.25% 3,829 86.45% 13 0.29%
1936 224 6.15% 3,414 93.66% 7 0.19%
1932 419 14.01% 2,548 85.22% 23 0.77%
1928 1,830 41.12% 2,611 58.67% 9 0.20%
1924 707 22.29% 1,950 61.48% 515 16.24%
1920 1,048 27.70% 2,670 70.58% 65 1.72%
1916 923 29.81% 2,173 70.19% 0 0.00%
1912 579 18.46% 1,659 52.88% 899 28.66%
1908 1,386 44.35% 1,585 50.72% 154 4.93%
1904 1,324 44.99% 1,520 51.65% 99 3.36%
1900 1,477 51.93% 1,363 47.93% 4 0.14%
1896 1,050 38.18% 1,653 60.11% 47 1.71%

Education

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School districts serving sections of the county include:[36]

On July 1, 1983, the Plum Bayou School District consolidated into the Wabbaseka Tucker School District. On July 1, 1984, the Linwood School District consolidated into the Pine Bluff school district. The Altheimer-Sherrill School District and Wabbaseka Tucker school districts operated in Jefferson County until September 1, 1993, when they consolidated into the Altheimer Unified School District. On July 1, 2004, the Humphrey School District consolidated into the DeWitt district. Altheimer Unified consolidated into the Dollarway School District on July 10, 2006.[37] Dollarway School District merged into the Pine Bluff district in 2021.[38]

Populated places

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Cities

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Towns

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Census-designated places

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Other communities

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Townships

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Townships in Jefferson County, Arkansas as of 2010

Townships in Arkansas are the divisions of a county. Each township includes unincorporated areas; some may have incorporated cities or towns within part of their boundaries. Arkansas townships have limited purposes in modern times. However, the United States census does list Arkansas population based on townships (sometimes referred to as "county subdivisions" or "minor civil divisions"). Townships are also of value for historical purposes in terms of genealogical research. Each town or city is within one or more townships in an Arkansas county based on census maps and publications. The townships of Jefferson County are listed below; listed in parentheses are the cities, towns, and/or census-designated places that are fully or partially inside the township. [39][40]

Former populated places

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  • Anrep[41]
  • Bruce
  • Byrd's Spring[42]
  • Clements
  • College Park
  • Diantha[43]
  • Dolton
  • Doylestown
  • Fairfield
  • Faith
  • Kratnek
  • Lamb
  • Lamberts
  • Linn
  • Noble's Lake
  • Plum Bayou[5]
  • Ray Station[44]
  • Red Bluff
  • Samples
  • Secrest
  • Sleeth[45]
  • Walden
  • Waldstein

Notable people

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Jefferson County, Arkansas". www.census.gov. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  2. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ^ "General Assembly". The Arkansas Gazette. Vol. X, no. 42. Little Rock. October 13, 1829. p. 1.
  4. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States (Report) (2nd ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 168 – via United States Geological Survey.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Bearden, Russell E. (February 5, 2016). "Jefferson County". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Central Arkansas Library System. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  6. ^ "Arkansas African American Legislators, 1868-1893" (PDF). Southern Arkansas University. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
  7. ^ Jefferson County Immigration Bureau (August 1888). Jefferson County, Arkansas: Full Description. Chicago: C.S. Burch Publishing Co. p. 4. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  8. ^ Jefferson County Immigration Bureau (August 1888). Jefferson County, Arkansas: Full Description. Chicago: C.S. Burch Publishing Co. pp. 15–16. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  9. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
  10. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  11. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
  12. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
  13. ^ Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
  14. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
  15. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  16. ^ Based on 2000 census data[needs update]
  17. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
  18. ^ 2010 census report for Jefferson County, Arkansas
  19. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  20. ^ Jefferson County Immigration Bureau (August 1888). Jefferson County, Arkansas: Full Description. Chicago: C.S. Burch Publishing Co. p. 3. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  21. ^ Jefferson County at USA.com
  22. ^ "Quick Facts: Jefferson County, AR" Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, US Census Bureau
  23. ^ "2006 Facts Brochure Archived 2009-08-06 at the Wayback Machine." Arkansas Department of Correction. July 1, 2005-June 30, 2006. 25 (25/38). Retrieved on August 15, 2010.
  24. ^ "Pine Bluff city, Arkansas[permanent dead link‍]." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on September 7, 2010.
  25. ^ "Central Office Archived December 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Arkansas Department of Correction. Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
  26. ^ "Facilities." Arkansas Department of Correction. Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
  27. ^ "Diagnostic Unit." Arkansas Department of Correction. Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
  28. ^ "Pine Bluff Unit/Randall L. Williams Correctional Facility." Arkansas Department of Correction. Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
  29. ^ a b "School Sites Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." Arkansas Correctional School. Retrieved on July 18, 2010.
  30. ^ "Contact Us Archived June 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." Arkansas Correctional School. Retrieved on July 18, 2010.
  31. ^ "Locations Archived 2011-02-26 at the Wayback Machine." Arkansas Department of Community Corrections. Retrieved on March 5, 2011. "7301 West 13th Street, Pine Bluff, Arkansas 71602"
  32. ^ "Maximum Security Unit." Arkansas Department of Correction. Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
  33. ^ "Pine Bluff Unit/Randall L. Williams Correctional Facility/Tucker Unit." Arkansas Department of Correction. Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
  34. ^ Arkansas State Highway Commission; United States Department of Agriculture (1936). General Highway and Transportation Map, Jefferson County, Arkansas (Map). Archived from the original on December 31, 2003. Retrieved April 30, 2016.{{cite map}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  35. ^ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  36. ^
  37. ^ "ConsolidationAnnex_from_1983.xls Archived September 12, 2015, at the Wayback Machine." Arkansas Department of Education. Retrieved on July 31, 2017.
  38. ^ Howell, Cynthia (December 11, 2020). "State votes to combine Dollarway, Pine Bluff schools". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  39. ^ 2011 Boundary and Annexation Survey (BAS): Jefferson County, AR (PDF) (Map). U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
  40. ^ "Arkansas: 2010 Census Block Maps - County Subdivision". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 28, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
  41. ^ Easley, Tina. "Forgotten Places in Arkansas". Genealogy Trails. Genealogy Trails History Group. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  42. ^ Forte, Jim. "Post Offices—Past and Present". Genealogy Trails. Genealogy Trails History Group. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  43. ^ "Diantha (historical) in Jefferson County AR". AR HomeTownLocator. HTL, Inc. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  44. ^ Easley, Tina. "Forgotten Places in Arkansas (Part Two)". Genealogy Trails. Genealogy Trails History Group. Retrieved April 30, 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  45. ^ Rand, McNally & Co.'s New Business Atlas Map of Arkansas (Map). 1:900,000. Rand, McNally & Co. 1898. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  46. ^ Eagle, Bob L.; LeBlanc, Eric S. (May 1, 2013). Blues: A Regional Experience. ABC-CLIO. p. 165. ISBN 9780313344244.

Further reading

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[edit]
Government
General information
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