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Gateway National Recreation Area

Coordinates: 40°27′14″N 73°59′49″W / 40.45400°N 73.99699°W / 40.45400; -73.99699
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Gateway National Recreation Area
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
View of the Gateway National Recreation Area (lower center) from the International Space Station on April 14, 2022
LocationNew York and New Jersey, United States
Coordinates40°27′14″N 73°59′49″W / 40.45400°N 73.99699°W / 40.45400; -73.99699
Area26,607 acres (107.67 km2)[1]
EstablishedOctober 27, 1972 (1972-October-27)
Visitors8,728,291 (in 2022)[2]
Governing bodyNational Park Service
WebsiteGateway National Recreation Area

Gateway National Recreation Area is a 26,607-acre (10,767 ha) U.S. National Recreation Area in New York City and Monmouth County, New Jersey boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island. Gateway is the country’s first urban national recreation area. It was established in 1972. It provides recreational opportunities that are not commonly found in a dense urban environment, including ocean swimming, bird watching, boating, hiking and camping.[3] More than 8.7 million people visited Gateway National Recreation Area in 2022, making it the fourth-most visited unit of the National Park Service.

Gateway was created by the U.S. Congress in 1972[4] to preserve and protect scarce or unique natural, cultural, and recreational resources with relatively convenient access by a high percentage of the nation's population.[5] It is owned by the federal government and managed by the National Park Service.

Creation

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In 1969, the Regional Plan Association proposed a new national seashore in the New York metropolitan area, to be administered by the United States Department of the Interior.[6] U.S. President Richard Nixon put his support behind a very similar proposal in 1970, with one significant change: instead of being designated a "seashore", the protected area would be a national park. In May of that year, the president started the process of getting Congressional approval for this move.[7]

The United States House of Representatives approved the creation of Gateway National Recreation Area in September 1972, and most of the land was transferred to the National Park Service (NPS) for inclusion in Gateway National Recreation Area. In the same vote, the House denied the state's provision to create a housing development at Floyd Bennett Field, which was to be part of the Gateway Area.[8] Gateway National Recreation Area was officially created on October 27, 1972, along with Golden Gate National Recreation Area in San Francisco. Gateway included over 26,000 acres (11,000 ha) of land.[9] This excluded some of the land proposed by the RPA, including the Coney Island shore.[10]

Units and park sites

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The recreation area comprises three units and 11 park sites in all. Primary law enforcement in the Gateway National Recreation Area is the responsibility of the United States Park Police in the New York units, and National Park Service Rangers in the New Jersey unit.

Jamaica Bay Unit

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Jamaica Bay Unit, in Brooklyn and Queens, includes much of the shoreline and water below the Shore Parkway beginning at Plum Beach and ending at John F. Kennedy International Airport, along with several dozen islands in Jamaica Bay, a tidal estuary. The Jamaica Bay Unit is the largest of the three units.It also includes most of the western part of the Rockaway Peninsula, which separates Jamaica Bay from the Atlantic Ocean. Among the sites in this unit are:

Jamaica Bay coastal landscapes
  • Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge is a prime location for viewing birds and bird migrations, diamondback turtle egg-laying and horseshoe crab mating and egg laying. Its 9,155 acres (3,705 ha) are mostly open water, but includes upland shoreline and islands with salt marsh, dunes, brackish ponds, woodland, and fields. It is the only "wildlife refuge" in the National Park System. Originally created and managed by New York City as a "wildlife refuge", the term was retained by Gateway when the site was transferred. All other federally managed areas titled "wildlife refuge" are managed by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service under their own specific criteria and standards.
  • Shirley Chisholm State Park is a park built on top of the former Pennsylvania Ave landfill along the belt parkway in the north of the bay. The park is operated by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, but the land is owned by the National Park Service and is leased to the state for a 60-year period. The park represents an innovative step in landfill remediation and redevelopment, and has cost $20 million as of 2019 to develop. The park features bike paths, free bike rentals, kayaking, fishing, and walking trails. The first phase of the park was opened in July 2019, and the second half was completed in 2021.
  • Floyd Bennett Field, a decommissioned airfield with a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places, also hosts the Historic Aircraft Restoration Project (H.A.R.P.) in Hangar B where volunteers are working to preserve the park's collection of historic aircraft. Hangar B is open to the public at selected times during the week.[11] Exhibits and programs on the airfield's history are available in the former control tower and terminal, since converted into the Ryan Visitor Center, named for William Fitts Ryan, the congressman who championed Gateway's creation. The former airfield also accommodates public camping, with 46 campsites.[12] As of August 2013, Floyd Bennett Field campground provides hot showers and clean modern bathrooms. There is also a camp store. No electricity provided.[13] Still, it is the only public campground maintained by the National Park Service that is within the limits of an American city, and the only legal campground in New York City.[13] The grasslands of Floyd Bennett Field are a good place for viewing falcons such as kestrels.[14] Floyd Bennett Field also includes concession recreational facilities including a sports arena and ice skating rinks in adaptively re-used hangars. Within this unit, but still nearby, are Dead Horse Bay, which includes a marina concession, and an adjacent golf driving range concession. Bergen Beach, on the north shore of Jamaica Bay, is also nearby and within the unit's boundary, supporting a horse riding academy concession.
  • Canarsie Pier is the latest in a series of recreational piers near this location, and remains popular as a picnic area and fishing spot on the north shore of the bay.
  • Fort Tilden, between Jacob Riis Park and Breezy Point on the Rockaway peninsula, has some of the city's most pristine and secluded ocean beaches, a successional maritime forest, a coastal dune system, and a freshwater pond. Between 1917 and 1974, Fort Tilden served as part of the harbor's system of defenses, and once housed Nike antiaircraft missiles.[15] Today an observatory deck on one of the old batteries has views of Jamaica Bay, New York Harbor and the Manhattan skyline. Fort Tilden is one of the best places on New York Harbor to observe hawks during the fall migration.[16]
  • Breezy Point Tip occupies the westernmost part of the Rockaway peninsula, forming one side of the outer "gateway" to New York Harbor. Its 200 acres (81 ha) contain oceanfront beach, bay shoreline, dunes, marshes and coastal grasslands. Breezy Point Tip is a nesting area for the threatened piping plover.[17]
  • Jacob Riis Park is an ocean beach with a boardwalk and historic bathhouse with art deco elements. It was built by powerful New York planner and administrator Robert Moses, and was named after journalist, photographer and reformer Jacob Riis.
Battery Weed at Fort Wadsworth (foreground) on the Narrows, under the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge

Staten Island Unit

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Map
Community District Tabulation Area Joint Interest Area (SI95) with areas for Fort Wadsworth, Great Kills Park, Miller Field and Hoffman & Swinburne Islands[18]

The Staten Island Unit is located on the southeastern shore of Staten Island facing Lower New York Bay. It includes Hoffman and Swinburne Islands, both off limits to visitation and managed primarily for the benefit of avian species. The unit also includes the following three sites:

  • Fort Wadsworth is a historic collection of masonry fortifications on the site of much earlier fortifications at the Narrows of New York Bay.[19]
  • Miller Field is a historic former airfield south of New Dorp with picnic areas, open areas and sports fields.
  • Great Kills Park includes a marina where visitors can go boating, a beach with lifeguards during the summer, and nature trails. It also serves as a nesting site for osprey.

Sandy Hook Unit

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Sandy Hook Unit is in Monmouth County in northern New Jersey. The barrier peninsula forms the other side of the "gateway" to New York Harbor, and includes two park sites:

  • Fort Hancock served as part of the harbor's coastal defense system from 1895 until 1974 and contains 100 historic buildings and fortifications.[20]
  • Sandy Hook contains seven beaches, including Gunnison Beach, a nude beach by custom, as well as salt marshes and a maritime holly forest. Ferries from Manhattan are available in season. Fishing and using hand-launched vessels are popular here.
  • The Maritime Holly Forest, the largest holly forest in the Northeastern United States, is located in the Sandy Hook unit.[21]
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  • Typical landscapes along Jamaica Bay
    Typical landscapes along Jamaica Bay
  • Typical flora of Jamaica Bay shores
    Typical flora of Jamaica Bay shores
  • Typical flora of the coastal edge at Gateway
    Typical flora of the coastal edge at Gateway
  • Beach at Jacob Riis Park
    Beach at Jacob Riis Park

Preserving Gateway’s Heritage

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There are approximately 800 historic buildings, structures and sites that Gateway posses. It is very challenging to maintain these historic buildings due to current conditions and resources numbers as well as funding. Many of these historic buildings were already in poor conditions since it was established in the year 1972.

References

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  1. ^ "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-12-26. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
  2. ^ "Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in: 2022". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
  3. ^ "Gateway National Recreation Area (National Park Service)". Archived from the original on 2003-12-05. Retrieved 2004-01-03. Gateway National Recreation Area (National Park Service)
  4. ^ Congress of the United States. Public Law 92-592. October 27, 1972.
  5. ^ Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Establishment of Gateway National Recreation Area in the States of New York and New Jersey. United States Senate, 92nd Congress, 1st Session. Report Number 92-345 to accompany S. 1852 Ordered to be printed August 3, 1971
  6. ^ "RECREATION AREA IN HARBOR URGED; Regional Plan Would Widen Idea Hickel and Lindsay Will Discuss Tomorrow Harbor Recreation Area Urged; Hickel to Come Here Tomorrow" (PDF). The New York Times. 1969-05-12. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  7. ^ Madden, Richard L. (May 9, 1971). "Nixon Backs Gateway Recreation Area". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 9, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
  8. ^ Madden, Richard L. (September 27, 1972). "House Votes Bill on Gateway Area But Kills Housing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
  9. ^ AN ACT To establish the Gateway National Recreation Area in the States of New York and New Jersey, and for other purposes (PDF) (Public Law 92-592). October 27, 1972. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
  10. ^ Cody, Sarah K.; Auwaerter, John; Curry, George W. (2009). "Cultural Landscape Report for Floyd Bennett Field" (PDF). nps.gov. State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry: 168. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-06.
  11. ^ "Gateway National Recreation Area - History & Culture (U.S. National Park Service)". Archived from the original on 2008-12-26. Retrieved 2009-01-23. Gateway History & Culture (NPS)
  12. ^ National Park Service, Camping at Gateway, archived from the original on 2 September 2011, retrieved 2 September 2011
  13. ^ a b Newman, Barry (13–14 August 2011), "A Campground Grows in Brooklyn, Bringing a New York Edge to Roughing It.", The Wall Street Journal, New York, pp. 1, A10, archived from the original on 10 March 2015, retrieved 2 September 2011
  14. ^ "Floyd Bennett Field". Archived from the original on 2008-12-28. Retrieved 2009-01-23. Floyd Bennett Field (National Parks of New York Harbor Conservancy)
  15. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091027001704/http://geocities.com/fort_tilden/ Historic Fort Tilden
  16. ^ "The Fall Hawk Migration at Fort Tilden, Floyd Bennet Field and the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge". Archived from the original on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2009-01-23. Hawking on the Harbor (National Parks of New York Harbor Conservancy)
  17. ^ "Breezy Point". Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2009-01-23. Breezy Point (Brooklyn Bird Club)
  18. ^ "2020 Neighborhood Tabulation Areas (NTAs) - Tabular". NYC Open Data.
  19. ^ "Fort Wadsworth". National Park Service. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  20. ^ "Fort Hancock". Archived from the original on 2008-12-27. Retrieved 2009-01-23. Fort Hancock (National Parks of New York Harbor Conservancy)
  21. ^ "Maritime Holly Forest Guide - New York Natural Heritage Program". NYNHP. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
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