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Clinch River

Coordinates: 35°51′48″N 84°31′54″W / 35.86333°N 84.53167°W / 35.86333; -84.53167
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For the nuclear reactor proposed in the 1970s, see Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project.
Clinch River
The Clinch River at Speers Ferry in Scott County, Virginia
Map of the Clinch River
Location
CountryUnited States
StateVirginia, Tennessee
Physical characteristics
SourceBuckhorn Mountain near Tazewell, Virginia
 • coordinates37°08′29″N 81°27′41″W / 37.14139°N 81.46139°W / 37.14139; -81.46139[1]
 • elevation2,760 ft (840 m)[1]
MouthTennessee River at Kingston, Tennessee
 • coordinates
35°51′48″N 84°31′54″W / 35.86333°N 84.53167°W / 35.86333; -84.53167[1]
 • elevation
741 ft (226 m)[1]
Length337 mi (542 km)[2]
Basin size4,413 sq mi (11,430 km2)[3]
Discharge 
 • locationGrissom Island near Tazewell, Tennessee, 159.8 miles (257.2 km) above the mouth(mean for water years 1918-1983)[4]
 • average2,100 cu ft/s (59 m3/s)(mean for water years 1918-1983)[4]
 • minimum108 cu ft/s (3.1 m3/s)
September 1925[4]
 • maximum98,100 cu ft/s (2,780 m3/s)
April 1977[4]
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftLittle River, Beaver Creek
 • rightGuest River, North Fork Clinch River, Powell River, Coal Creek, Poplar Creek, Emory River

The Clinch River is a river that flows southwest for more than 300 miles (480 km) through the Great Appalachian Valley in the U.S. states of Virginia and Tennessee, gathering various tributaries, including the Powell River, before joining the Tennessee River in Kingston, Tennessee.

Course

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The Clinch River is dammed twice: by Norris Dam, the first dam built by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA); and by the Melton Hill Dam, the only TVA dam with a navigation lock that is not located on the main channel of the Tennessee River.

An important tributary of the Clinch River is the Powell River. The Clinch and Powell drainage basins are separated by Powell Mountain. Tributaries entering the Clinch River below Norris Dam but above Melton Hill Dam include Coal Creek, Hinds Creek, Bull Run Creek, and Beaver Creek. Poplar Creek enters the river below the Melton Hill Dam.

History

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A peninsula located at the mouth of the Clinch River, later called Southwest Point, was important to generations of Native Americans. In the early colonial period, it was the site of a frontier fort. This structure has recently been reconstructed.

The Cherokee and European settlers signed a treaty at Southwest Point to allow the capital of Tennessee to be moved there. The Tennessee General Assembly fulfilled this requirement technically by meeting in Kingston for one day and then voting to move the capital city elsewhere. It later was moved to Nashville.

Clinch was the name of an 18th-century explorer of the area.[5] Former variations of the name included "Clinch's River", "Clench River", "Clinches River" and "Fiume Clinchs".[1] Folk etymology, however, provides a more colorful account: the river received its name after a pioneer fell into it, and shouted "Clinch me! Clinch me!", supposedly meaning "clench me" or "grab me".[6]

An older name for the river, which appears on some early maps, was the "Pelisipi River", with such variant spellings as "Pelisippi" and "Pellissippi", and the variant form "Fiume Pelissipi".[1] The Mitchell Map (1755–1757) labels a tributary of the "Pelisipi River" as "Clinch's River". The word "Pellissippi" was long said to have been the Cherokee language name for the river and was purported to mean "winding waters".[7]

Research completed in 2017 concluded that the Miami-Illinois name Mosopeleacipi ("river of the Mosopelea" tribe) was first applied to what later European settlers called the Ohio River. Shortened in the Shawnee language to pelewa thiipi, spelewathiipi or peleewa thiipiiki, the name evolved through other variant forms such as "Polesipi", "Peleson", "Pele Sipi" and "Pere Sipi". It was eventually stabilized to the "Pelisipi/Pelisippi/Pellissippi" form. These names were variously applied back and forth between the Ohio and Clinch rivers.[8][9] The name Pellissippi has been used in proper names throughout East Tennessee, for example in Pellissippi Parkway and Pellissippi State Community College.

Power industry

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A power plant is located along the Clinch River at Carbo in Russell County, Virginia. It was completed in 1957 and is owned by Appalachian Power, a part of American Electric Power. The coal-fired plant was converted to natural gas in 2016.[10] The Virginia City Hybrid Energy Center, another coal-fired power plant that began operations in 2012, is a few miles away outside St. Paul in Wise County, Virginia. It is owned by Dominion Virginia Power.[11]

Ecology

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The Clinch River above Clinton, Tennessee (tailwaters of Norris Dam) is stocked with rainbow trout and brown trout by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency.

Before being dammed, the Clinch River was a major producer of freshwater mussels and pearls. The rivers of the southern Appalachians are still notable for their unusually rich mussel biodiversity. The mussels were an important food source for Native Americans. Scots-Irish and later British settlers used mussels as bait and hog feed.

The freshwater pearl industry thrived throughout the southern Appalachians in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The Clinch River and the Emory River were considered the economic heart of the pearl industry, and Tennessee was one of the top six states in the United States for pearl production. The mussel-based industries began to decline in the early 20th century and were effectively eliminated by the dams built by the TVA in the mid-20th century. The first major Tennessee River dam was Wilson Dam, built at a site known as Muscle Shoals, Alabama. The name may have referred to the freshwater mussels of the region (the shoals could also be named for the exertion necessary to move river traffic across them). Norris Dam and Norris Lake on the Clinch River flooded one of the other areas of mussel near Young's Island.[12]

Pollution of the river from mining in the region has caused great concern among environmentalists because several rare species inhabit the river. Some mussels were reintroduced to the Cleveland, Virginia, area from outside the state in the early 2000s. Pollution of the 20th century had destroyed much of the historic mussels species.

In 2008, a large release of fly ash from the TVA's Kingston Fossil Plant deposited 2.6 million pounds of fly ash in the lower section of the river below the confluence of the Emory River.[13] Although at first the TVA began cleaning the ash out of the river, in 2009 the EPA took over; they finished removing coal ash in 2010.[14] The release of coal ash in rivers has been shown to result in increased sedimentation and the exposure of trace elements to aquatic organisms.[15]

A study done several months after the spill revealed that the river had increased amounts of trace metals such as mercury and arsenic, which are dangerous throughout the food chain.[16] A study done a year after the spill showed that there was a possibility of food web accumulation of methylmercury, but this had not yet been shown.[17]

Recreation

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There are several state and local parks along the Clinch River in both Tennessee and Virginia. including:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Clinch River
  2. ^ This figure was obtained by adding the length of the Tennessee section of the river, indicated on the USGS topo map Looneys Gap (1:24,000) as just over 202 miles, to the length of the Virginia section, indicated as 135 miles at this Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries website Archived 2015-03-23 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ U.S. Geological Survey, "Introduction to the Upper Tennessee River Basin," 11 January 2013. Accessed: 5 June 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Data Tennessee: Water Year 1983, Water Data Report TN-83-1, p. 131. Gaging station 03528000.
  5. ^ Collins, Lewis (1877). History of Kentucky. Library Reprints, Incorporated. p. 416. ISBN 9780722249208.
  6. ^ Haywood, John (1891). The Civil and Political History of the State of Tennessee from Its Earliest Settlement Up to the Year 1796: Including the Boundaries of the State. W.H. Haywood. p. 45.
  7. ^ "The Pellissippi State Story 1974-1998". Pellissippi State Community College. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Note: Linguists doubt the Cherokee origin of "Pellissippi", as there is no "P" sound in the Cherokee syllabary (D. Ray Smith. "View of the Bear Creek Valley". Retrieved July 24, 2013.).
  8. ^ "The Winding River Home: Pellissippi State researches the meaning of 'Pellissippi'". Pellissippi State News. Pellissippi State Community College. June 7, 2017. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  9. ^ "Shawnees Webpage". Shawnee's Reservation. 1997. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
  10. ^ Gibson, Allie Robinson (April 8, 2014). "Clinch River Power Plant units being converted to natural gas". Bristol Herald Courier. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
  11. ^ "Virginia City Hybrid Energy Center". Dominion Energy. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
  12. ^ Davis, Donald Edward. "Where There Are Mountains", An Environmental History of the Southern Appalachians. University of Georgia Press: 2005.
  13. ^ Sturgis, Sue (25 May 2010). "Disaster in east Tennessee". grist.
  14. ^ Lavelle, Marianne (2016-04-20). "Q&A: Six years after historic Deepwater Horizon spill, documentary examines the science". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaf9945. ISSN 0036-8075.
  15. ^ Rowe, Christopher; Hopkins, William; Congdon, Justin (14 March 2002). "Ecological Implications of Aquatic Disposal of Coal Combustion Residues in the United States". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 80 (3): 207–276. doi:10.1023/A:1021127120575. PMID 12503897. S2CID 33550745.
  16. ^ Ruhl, Laura; Vengosh, Avner; Dwyer, Gary S.; Hsu-Kim, Heileen; Deonarine, Amrika; Bergin, Mike; Kravchenko, Julia (2009-08-15). "Survey of the Potential Environmental and Health Impacts in the Immediate Aftermath of the Coal Ash Spill in Kingston, Tennessee". Environmental Science & Technology. 43 (16): 6326–6333. Bibcode:2009EnST...43.6326R. doi:10.1021/es900714p. hdl:10161/6943. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 19746733.
  17. ^ Deonarine, Amrika; Bartov, Gideon; Johnson, Thomas M.; Ruhl, Laura; Vengosh, Avner; Hsu-Kim, Heileen (2013-01-10). "Environmental Impacts of the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Coal Ash Spill. 2. Effect of Coal Ash on Methylmercury in Historically Contaminated River Sediments". Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (4): 2100–2108. Bibcode:2013EnST...47.2100D. doi:10.1021/es303639d. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 23249246. S2CID 37528363.
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